The knowledges of traditional irrigation in the oasis of Kerzaz in southwest Algerian: Legacy and development

In the valley of Saoura, the demand for water for irrigation has increased significantly and rapidly, it requires mobilization and rational and intensive use of all existing water sources like the groundwater which are the only source of drinking water supply and irrigation in the region and the protection of the large vein that feeds the Saoura and bearing his name "oued Saoura". Oasis Kerzaz is amongst the the most celebrated oasis and the biggest of valley of Saoura , it now suffers from several impediments to their development as: the scarcity of irrigation water, land abandonment, the silting up, the chunking and the exiguity of agricultural land, the food nature of agricultural activity and incurable diseases of crops.Keywords: palm grove; well; Chadouf; Khottara; motorpump; Saoura

The fate of water in the oasis of Ouakda between traditional systems and modern (Region of Béchar, Southwest, Algeria)

One of the subjects that touch the field of environment is undoubtedly the traditional catchment systems and drainage divide in the oasis. The ancestral techniques such as wells chadouf, quanat, Khettara and foggaras have protected the oasis and the man in the past. These techniques were used in an arid middle by the oasis dwellers and resisted to a hostile climate for centuries. In spite of the low rainfall in the region of our oasis, the oasis dwellers of Ouakda through their intelligence, they were able to cultivate their land without disturbing a fragile ecosystem through exploitation of groundwater table thanks to the use of foggaras with the small distance which does not exceed 100 m. But the intervention of modern systems of water catchment like deep boreholes which overexploiting nonrenewable tablecloths and the pumps large capacity, the man has completely destroyed a clean environment. Today, thanks to these pumping, the groundwater level has dropped considerably; soil salinity is remarkable on all the parcels of the old palm grove and the Oued. We try in this Article to study the history of traditional techniques of water catchments in the oasis of Ouakda, to do a comparison between the ancestral systems used in the another oasis in this oasis, to study the impact of the motor pumps on the degradation of traditional systems and detrimental effects (Soil salinity and the phenomenon of lowering of the groundwater) after the use of modern techniques of water catchment.Keywords: Oasis, Ouakda, Foggara, Wells, Chadouf, motor pump

Plasmacytoid Precursor Dendritic Cells From NOD Mice Exhibit Impaired Function : Are They a Component of Diabetes Pathogenesis?

OBJECTIVE—Plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cell facilitating cells (p-preDC FCs) play a critical role in facilitation of syngeneic and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment. Here, we evaluated the phenotype and function of CD8+/TCR− FCs from NOD mice

The BELFRAIL (BFC80+) study: a population-based prospective cohort study of the very elderly in Belgium

In coming decades the proportion of very elderly people living in the Western world will dramatically increase. This forthcoming "grey epidemic" will lead to an explosion of chronic diseases. In order to anticipate booming health care expenditures and to assure that social security is funded in the future, research focusing on the relationship between chronic diseases, frailty and disability is needed. The general aim of the BELFRAIL cohort study (BFC80+) is to study the dynamic interaction between health, frailty and disability in a multi-system approach focusing on cardiac dysfunction and chronic heart failure, lung function, sarcopenia, renal insufficiency and immunosenescence

Solid-state 13 C NMR Study of Scleroglucan Polysaccharide. Effect of the Drying Process and Hydration on Scleroglucan Structure and Dynamics

International audienceHigh-resolution solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR was used to study the evolution of a polysaccharide (scleroglucan) conformation from the anhydrous to the hydrated form. The influence of a thermo-mechanical treatment applied during the drying process of scleroglucan is analyzed both on the dried and rehydrated product. 13C NMR spectra, 13C relaxation times (T1c) and 1H relaxation times in the rotating frame (T1pH) of scleroglucan dried by using instantaneous controlled pressure drop (Détente Instantanée Controlée®) were analyzed in order to explain the observed differences of rehydration capacity. Although the scleroglucan treated at 6 bar has the same conformational state (triple-helix) as the one treated at 1 bar, it shows two different relaxation times T1c for the C-3 carbon involved in the interglycosidic linkage. The magnetization decay of the hydrated sample exhibits a decrease of two time constants with significant shortening of the spin-lattice relaxation times T1C that accounts for the higher mobility of the chains. High-pressure treatment creates highly rigid and compact domains. Consequently, water molecules cannot readily access the inside of the triple-helix and relax the interchain hydrogen bonds