Urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder with histologic grading: a study in a tertiary care hospital, Bangladesh

Background: Urinary bladder cancer is one of the most common forms of all cancers in the world.  It is the ninth leading cause of death from cancer among men. The incidence of urinary bladder cancer in Bangladesh is increasing day by day. The aim of the study was to evaluate different clinic-pathological parameters of urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder with the grade of the tumor. Methods: This study was a cross sectional study done over a period of two years, from March 2018 to February 2020 at the department of pathology, Dhaka medical college, Dhaka. Total 73 samples were collected, fixed overnight in 10% buffered formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Pathological grading was confirmed and different clinic-pathological parameters were evaluated. Results: Most of the cases (22 cases, 30.1%) were found in the fifth decade (51-60). Mean age of the patients was found to be 60.85 (±12.72) years, 58 (79.5%) cases were male and 15 (20.5%) cases were female with male to female ratio of 3.9:1. Most of the cases (49 cases, 67.1%) were smokers. Most common clinical presentation was hematuria (91.8% cases), most frequent tumor location was the lateral wall of the urinary bladder and 75.3% cases were reported as high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Conclusions: Different clinic-pathological parameters with histologic grading were evaluated in this study which may have a significant impact in epidemiology, diagnosis and assessment of biological behavior of urothelial carcinoma

Synthesis of ZnO nanostructures using sol-gel method

Zinc oxide plays an important role in current industry due to its special characteristics such as anti-corrosion, anti-bacteria, has low electrons conductivity and excellent heat resistance. Therefore, the objective of this study is to synthesize zinc oxide nanostructures with the most practical ways by using sol-gel method and characterize the nanostructures. Sol-gel method is the simplest method and has the ability to control the particle size and morphology through systematic monitoring of reaction parameters. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via sol gel method using Zinc acetate dehydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) as a precursor and ethanol (CH2COOH) was used as solvent, Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and distilled water were used as medium. ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by using XRD, EDX, FESEM, and nano-particles analyser. Result of EDX characterization shows that the ZnO nanoparticles has good purity with (Zinc content of- 55.38% and; Oxygen content of- 44.62%). XRD result spectrum displays mainly oxygen and zinc peaks, which indicate the crystallinity in nature as exhibited. FESEM micrographs shows that synthesized ZnO have a rod-like structure. The obtained ZnO nanoparticles are homogenous and consistent in size which corresponds to the XRD result that exhibit good crystallinity. ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sol-gel method in nanosize range within 81.28 nm to 84.98 nm

Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using ‘Polygonum hydropiper’ and study its catalytic degradation of methylene blue

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with the small size and high stability paved the way to improve and protect the environment by decreasing the use of toxic chemicals and eliminating biological risks in biomedical applications. Plant mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles is gaining more importance owing its simplicity, rapid rate of synthesis of nanoparticles and eco-friendliness. In this study, focus on biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Polygonum hydropiper extract and its catalytic degradation of hazardous dye, methylene blue has been highlighted. The rapid reduction of silver (Ag) ions was monitored using UV-Visible spectrophotometer and showed formation of silver nanoparticles within less than one hour with maximum absorption of silver nanoparticles at 430 nm. The major functional groups present in the synthesis responsible for the formation of silver nanoparticles. It was identified by using Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). Field Electron Scanning Microscope (FESEM) was used to characterise the nanoparticles synthesized using P.hydropiper. The morphology of silver nanoparticles was predominantly spherical and aggregated into irregular structure with average diameter of 60 nm. In addition, this report emphasizes the effect of the silver nanoparticles on the degradation rate of hazardous dyes by sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The efficiency of silver nanoparticles as a promising candidate for the catalysis of organic dyes by NaBH4 through the electron transfer process is established in the present study