Optimization of Impulse Response for Borehole Gamma Ray Logging

The gamma-ray borehole logging plays a leading role in uranium exploration programs and more so in the estimation of the geological impulse response function in gamma ray intensity which is solely responsible to delineate the radioactive horizons. In the past several attempts have been made to estimate this function numerically, theoretically and heuristically too based on the controlled experiments. However, the present work is an attempt to determine / estimate this geological function by directly using the data of radioactive borehole logging. It is interesting to note in this study that the results obtained by this approach are not only nearer to the results obtained by the earlier attempts but also encourage to study further in detail under different geological formations. The present work is based on the gamma-ray borehole logging data of Yellapur area, Nalgonda dist., A.P, India, for the estimation of the geological function. Keywords: Gamma ray logging, uranium exploration, geological response, radioactive zones, exponential behavior, geological formations, exponential integral of first kind, Bessel Functions of first and second kind, gamma ray probe, gamma ray transport theory, field measurement

Fredholm Equation of First Kind in Borehole Gamma Ray Measurements - Cubic Spline Weighing

The problem in the processing of gamma-ray borehole data is to find out the radioactive zones down the bore depths which vary from 50m to 1000m in various geological formations and subsequent evaluations. The radiation field in the boreholes in cylindrical geometries follows the Fredholm Integral Equation of first kind. And in this work it has been dealt numerically using  cubic spline method to compute the second derivatives of the measured gamma ray intensity at various depths in the borehole. This is achieved by expressing this integral equation as a sum of products of the measured gamma ray intensities and some unknown coefficients which can be computed using Lagrange interpolation method. A finite window is selected for this summation which can be varied. In this paper the three windows have been selected. The logging probe is calibrated in primary borehole standard and then the real data for radiation field in the boreholes is acquired. Three such windows were selected and results for 3, 5, 7 point windows have been presented in this paper.   Keywords: Fredholm Equation, Borehole Gamma Ray Measurements, Cubic Spline Weighing, logging prob

Mathematical Modeling Using Sturm-Liouville System of Differential Equations to Physical Problems

A few exactly solvable electrical conductivities useful in electromagnetic induction studies for Maxwell equations without displacement current have been evaluated by using Sturm-Liouville system of differential equations of the second order. A few solvable conductivities for the well-known Bessel, Stokes equations have also been presented Keywords: Bessel, Stokes, Maxwell, equations, conductivities, magnetotellurics, electric field, magnetic field, induction

Engineered Peptides for Applications in Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery and Tumor Detection

Cancer-targeting peptides as ligands for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs or drug carriers have the potential to significantly enhance the selectivity and the therapeutic benefit of current chemotherapeutic agents. Identification of tumor-specific biomarkers like integrins, aminopeptidase N, and epidermal growth factor receptor as well as the popularity of phage display techniques along with synthetic combinatorial methods used for peptide design and structure optimization have fueled the advancement and application of peptide ligands for targeted drug delivery and tumor detection in cancer treatment, detection and guided therapy. Although considerable preclinical data have shown remarkable success in the use of tumor targeting peptides, peptides generally suffer from poor pharmacokinetics, enzymatic instability, and weak receptor affinity, and they need further structural modification before successful translation to clinics is possible. The current review gives an overview of the different engineering strategies that have been developed for peptide structure optimization to confer selectivity and stability. We also provide an update on the methods used for peptide ligand identification, and peptide-receptor interactions. Additionally, some applications for the use of peptides in targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics and diagnostics over the past 5 years are summarized

Sediment Transport Model for a Surface Irrigation System

Controlling irrigation-induced soil erosion is one of the important issues of irrigation management and surface water impairment. Irrigation models are useful in managing the irrigation and the associated ill effects on agricultural environment. In this paper, a physically based surface irrigation model was developed to predict sediment transport in irrigated furrows by integrating an irrigation hydraulic model with a quasi-steady state sediment transport model to predict sediment load in furrow irrigation. The irrigation hydraulic model simulates flow in a furrow irrigation system using the analytically solved zero-inertial overland flow equations and 1D-Green-Ampt, 2D-Fok, and Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration equations. Performance of the sediment transport model was evaluated for bare and cropped furrow fields. The results indicated that the sediment transport model can predict the initial sediment rate adequately, but the simulated sediment rate was less accurate for the later part of the irrigation event. Sensitivity analysis of the parameters of the sediment module showed that the soil erodibility coefficient was the most influential parameter for determining sediment load in furrow irrigation. The developed modeling tool can be used as a water management tool for mitigating sediment loss from the surface irrigated fields

The Botany, Chemistry, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Application of Psoralea corylifolia L. – A Review

Psoralea corylifolia Linn. is an endangered and medicinally important plant indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Its medicinal usage is reported in Indian pharmaceutical codex, the Chinese, British and the American pharmacopoeias and in different traditional system of medicines such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. The review reveals that wide ranges of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from the plant and it possesses important activities like antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumer. Various other activities like hepatoprotective, antioxidants and antithelminitic have also been reported. These repots are very encouraging and indicate that herb should be studied more expensively for its therapeutic benefits.This article briefly reviews the botany, pharmacology, biochemistry and therapeutic application of the plant. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of Psoralea corylifolia and highlight the need for research and development.Keywords: - Psoralen, Isopsoralen, Pharmacological activities, Psoralea corylifolia Linn

Identifying the location of Cu ions in nanostructured SAPO 5 molecular sieves and its impact on the redox properties

Combining X ray Absorption Fine Spectroscopy XAFS with Anomalous Small Angle X ray Scattering ASAXS determines the location of Cu2 ions in silicoaluminophosphate SAPO 5 frameworks prepared by hydrothermal crystallization or impregnation. As expected, for the hydrothermally prepared sample, incorporation in the SAPO 5 framework was observed. For the first time preferential location of Cu2 ions at the inner and outer surfaces of the framework is determined. Temperature Programmed Reduction TPR and X ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy XPS investigations demonstrated that such Cu2 is stable in an argon Ar atmosphere up to 550 C and can only be reduced under a hydrogen atmosphere. In contrast, Cu2 deposited by impregnation on the pure SAPO 5 framework can be easily reduced to Cu in an Ar atmosphere. At lower Cu amounts, mononuclear tetrahedrally coordinated Cu species were formed which are relatively stable in the monovalent form. In contrast, at higher Cu amounts, CuO particles were found which change easily between the mono and bivalent specie