Intracranial microcapsule chemotherapy delivery for the localized treatment of rodent metastatic breast adenocarcinoma in the brain

Metastases represent the most common brain tumors in adults. Surgical resection alone results in 45% recurrence and is usually accompanied by radiation and chemotherapy. Adequate chemotherapy delivery to the CNS is hindered by the blood–brain barrier. Efforts at delivering chemotherapy locally to gliomas have shown modest increases in survival, likely limited by the infiltrative nature of the tumor. Temozolomide (TMZ) is first-line treatment for gliomas and recurrent brain metastases. Doxorubicin (DOX) is used in treating many types of breast cancer, although its use is limited by severe cardiac toxicity. Intracranially implanted DOX and TMZ microcapsules are compared with systemic administration of the same treatments in a rodent model of breast adenocarcinoma brain metastases. Outcomes were animal survival, quantified drug exposure, and distribution of cleaved caspase 3. Intracranial delivery of TMZ and systemic DOX administration prolong survival more than intracranial DOX or systemic TMZ. Intracranial TMZ generates the more robust induction of apoptotic pathways. We postulate that these differences may be explained by distribution profiles of each drug when administered intracranially: TMZ displays a broader distribution profile than DOX. These microcapsule devices provide a safe, reliable vehicle for intracranial chemotherapy delivery and have the capacity to be efficacious and superior to systemic delivery of chemotherapy. Future work should include strategies to improve the distribution profile. These findings also have broader implications in localized drug delivery to all tissue, because the efficacy of a drug will always be limited by its ability to diffuse into surrounding tissue past its delivery source.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01 EB006365-06)Brain Science Foundation (Private Grant 106708

Analisis Kemampuan Berhitung Siswa Kelas III SD Negeri Kecamatan Ulaweng Kabupaten Bone

This research aims to acquaire the description of ability level elementary students third grade at district Ulaweng, regency of Bone. The population is the entire elementary students third grade at district Ulaweng, regency of Bone. Samples are drawn by random in every group supervision UPTD grade at district Ulaweng, regency of Bone.Since there are four group supervision, those four schools become samples in which elementary students third grade are the subject of research.Instrument of data collection uses test. Data of test result is then analysed by descriptive statistical technique in the form of distribution of frequency, aritmetic mean, standard deviation, and percentage.Based on analysis data, it is summarizedthat the levelofcalculatingabilityelementary students third grade at district Ulaweng, regency of Bone is considered low. It is then recommended to all stakeholders in academic field to make serious effort to enhance math learning process at elementary school

Coastal vegetation zonation and dune morphology in some Mediterranean ecosystems

This paper describes the vegetation zonation and its relationship with dune local morphology through the application of a randomization test on some sandy ecosystems of the Italian Mediterranean coast. We postulate that the slope and the aspect of sand dunes are essential variables in the analysis of a correct plant community position along the sea–inland vegetation gradient. This study presents an analysis of coastal vegetation zonation in some of the best preserved sites of the Lazio coast (central Italy). Analysis of variance with randomization testing was performed in order to establish whether community differences are related to slope and aspect. Results from vegetation transects showed that complete community sequence is lacking in the study area. Although some community types are very common and widespread, others are rare and only restricted to areas with well-preserved dune ridges. Regarding slope/aspect, the randomization test shows that only community types located in both extremes of the vegetation zonation revealed significant differences while no differences were found for rare or heavily disturbed communities

Shelf life of bioagents and longevity of biologically coated pigeonpea seed

916-922Biological seed coating is a new technique of seed treatment through which biological agents are coated over the seed surface for effective control of seed and soil-borne pathogens. In this study, pigeonpea seed was biologically coated with Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhizobium spp. and Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) using biofriendly polymer and sugar syrup as adjuvants. The shelf life of bioagents and seed quality parameters was studied during six months of storage period. The colony units of Pseudomonas increased with biofriendly polymer either as individual or in consortia with biofertilizers. Six months after treatment, more colony units of Pseudomonas fluorescens were recorded on the surface of biologically coated seed of pigeonpea with biofriendly polymer as an adjuvant compared to sugar syrup. Seeds coated with Pseudomonas and PSB using biofriendly polymer recorded high seed germination and seedling vigour compared to sugar syrup. The observations reveal that there is a possibility of coating seed with biological agents using biofriendly polymer immediately after processing or before packaging without affecting the shelf life of bioagents and seed quality. Thus, the biologically coated pigeonpea seed in advance of cropping season can go a long way in minimizing risk associated with on farm seed treatment