Relation of intelligence quotient and body mass index in preschool children: a community-based cross-sectional study

Objective:Overweight and obesity in children is a global problem. Besides physical effects, obesity has harmful psychological effects on children.Methods:We carried out cross-sectional community-based study to investigate the relation between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive functioning in preschool children. Thirteen socioeconomical elements of 1151 children were measured and analyzed based on their intelligence quotient (IQ) test results. Thirteen out of 33 provinces were selected randomly, and schools were selected as clusters in rural and urban areas. Descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance and regression were used when appropriate.Results:Our analysis showed that IQ was associated with household income, place of residence, delivery type, type of infant feeding and father's and mother's education level (P<0.001 for all). Using penalized linear regression for eliminating the impact of confounding factor, our study shows that, living in metropolitan (β=2.411) and urban areas (β=2.761), the level of participants' father's education (β=5.251) was positively and BMI (β=−0.594) was negatively related with IQ test results.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study showed that a lower IQ score is associated with higher BMI. However, this relation appears to be largely mediated when the socioeconomic status was considered

Corresponding Author Effects of Creatine and Glutamine Supplements in Comparison with Proper Nutrition on Performance Factors of Wrestlers 1 Glutamine Supplements in Comparison with Proper Nutrition on Performance Factors of Wrestlers

ABSTRACT Aim; The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of glutamine and creatine supplements and proper nutrition on hand grip strength and agility of athletes. Materials and Methods: The samples for this study consisted of 28 elite wrestlers of Mazandaran province, aged 18 to 25 years old. They were randomly divided into four groups. Proper nutrition with carbohydrate solution made of 5% honey instead of water, creatine supplement group (0.3 g/Kg/ for 15 days), glutamine group (0.3 g/kg for 15 days), control group. After a usual warm-up exercises for 15 minutes, for the agility test, 9x4 agility test was performed and following a 10-min rest period, subjects used hand grip for the grip strength test; after 15 days of glutamine and creatine supplements and proper nutrition consumptions, the physical performance tests were conducted in the same condition. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. Results: Statistical analysis of the grip strength and agility in post test showed significant difference between the proper nutrition, in comparison with the control group (p&lt;0.05). Therefore, it seems that through proper nutrition (which provides all necessary substances for an elite athlete) there is no need for these supplementation agents and the proper nutrition can be used as an alternative for these supplements. Conclusion: Our current investigation showed that proper nutrition can be used as a competent alternative for the common supplements such a creatine and glutamine

Effect of education of breast-feeding method on nutritional patterns of neonates of cesarean sectioned primiparous women

History and Objectives: Since breast-feeding problems are more commonly observed in cesarean-sectioned primiparous women and failure of breast feed is more in these mothers, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of education of breast-feeding method on nutritional patterns in up to 2 months infants born from cesarean-sectioned primiparous mothers in Shabihkhani maternity hospital in Kashan in 1374. Materials and Methods: A clinical trial study case group was educated immediately was performed on 60 mothers in 2 case and control groups by random sampling. Mothers in the after recovery up to the time of discharge, while the control group was not educated. The effects of education of breast-feeding method on the time of the first infant feeding, type of the first nutritional material that was given to the infant and nutritional patterns of the infant within 2 months after birth were studied by referring to their houses in both case and control groups. Using statistical X² and Fisher’s exact tests correlation among variables were evaluated, RR and AR of non-education of breast-feeding method on the appropriate nutritional pattern in the infant (Exclusive breast feeding) were calculated. Results: This study showed that the 2 groups were similar from the point of age, occupational status, maternal educational level and the level of knowledge in their husbands and there was no statistically meaningful difference in this regard. The first episode of breast-feeding within four hours after birth was 20% more in the educated mothers than non-educated mothers in the control group (P<0.05). This study also revealed that colostrum was fed as the first nutritional agent 20% more in the educated group of mothers than their control counterparts (P<0.05). Nutritional patterns during the last 24-hours at 2 mothers of age was 66.7% breast milk alone, 6.7% breast milk and formula, 26.6% breast milk, dextrose water and herbal medications in the case group and 23.3% breast milk alone, 10% breast milk and formula, 66.7% breast milk, dextrose water and herbal medications in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the positive effect of education of breast-feeding method on nutritional patterns of the infant particularly exclusive breast-feeding and considering the simplicity of education, it is recommended that the nutritional patterns in the infants be improved by education and further study and evaluation be carried out in this field

The prevalence and severity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and its' associated signs and symptoms among college students

Introduction:premenstrual syndrome is one of the most common disorders in women at reproductive age. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and severity of this syndrome and its' associated signs and symptoms. Material & method: Five hundred undergraduate students at Iran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing-Midwifery and Management- Information schools were included in the study. They were asked to complete the premenstrual daily symptom diary for two months. Premenstrual syndrome was confirmed according to American Psychiatric Association criteria and its severity was calculated for each sign. Results: out of 500 students 255 (about 50) completed and returned the premenstrual daily symptom diary forms. Out of the 255 students 200 (78.43) were suffering FROM some degree of PMS (62 mild, 36 moderate, and 2 severe). Mood symptoms in 24 and the behavioral symptoms in 3 of them considered to be severe. None suffered from severe physical symptoms. There were significant positive relationship between behavioral symptoms and physical and mood symptoms (r=0.55, r=0.398, respectively, and p=0.01) and also between physical symptoms and mood symptoms (r=0.305, p=0.01). Conclusion: PMS can be considered as a common disorder of reproductive age. Therefore, health professionals should notice mood and behavioral as well as physical symptoms and signs of PMS and provide them with an appropriate consultation or medical intervention if necessary. However additional studies in this field are warranted. © 2010, INSInet Publication

Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Iran’s Under Five-Year-Old Children and the Related Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Context: Children’s health is one of the priorities in most societies. Nevertheless, the highest prevalence rate of malnutrition occurs among under five-year-old children worldwide. Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of malnutrition in Iranian children through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Also we tried to identify the most prevalent factors causing malnutrition. Data Sources: The required data were collected by searching the keywords of nutrition, malnutrition, under-nutrition, prevalence, epidemiology, etiology, occurrence and Iran in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Index Copernicus, DOAJ, EBSCO-CINAHL, SID, Magi-ran and Iranmedex. Results: Twenty studies were selected for the final analysis stage, dating from 1999 to 2014. Number of children investigated for wasting, stunting and underweight was 53612, 54312 and 55012 respectively. The results showed that the prevalence of each type of malnutrition, in terms of wasting, stunting and underweight were 7.8% (95% CI: 4.8%-12.6%), 12.4% (95% CI: 8.3%-18.5%) and 10.5% (95% CI: 7.1%-15.4%), respectively. Parents’ educational level, in particular mothers’, gender, birth weight, the place of residence, and mother’s occupation were mentioned as important factors causing malnutrition. Conclusion: The rate of malnutrition in Iran’s under five-year-old children is lower than the average of that in world and the Eastern Mediterranean region. Breastfeeding, the proper use of complementary feeding, and the principled spacing between births and improving the quality of maternal care have important role in prevention of malnutrition