Muddled Boundaries of Digital Shrines

International audienceBased on an online ethnography study of 274 YouTube videos posted during the Virginia Tech or the Newtown massacres, this article discusses how users resort to participatory media during such mediatized events to create a digital spontaneous shrine. The assemblage of this sanctuary on a website hosting billions of user-generated contents is made possible by means of folksonomy and website architecture, and a two-fold social dynamic based on participatory commitment and the institutionalization of a collective entity. Unlike “physical” spontaneous shrines erected in public spaces, these digital shrines connect the bereaved with provocative or outrageous contributions, notably tributes from school shooting fans using participatory media to commemorate the killer’s memory. This side effect, generated by the technical properties of the platform, compromises the tranquility of the memorial and muddles the boundaries and the contents of such sanctuaries

How to improve the storage stability of aqueous polymeric film coatings

The major aim of this study was to identify an easy tool to improve the long term stability of polymeric film coatings applied from aqueous dispersions. Drug release profiles from ethylcellulose-coated theophylline pellets were monitored during 6 months open storage under ambient and stress conditions ["room temperature/ambient relative humidity (RH)" and "40 degrees C/75%RH"]. The pellets were cured for I or 2 d at 60 degrees C or for 1 or 2 d at 60 degrees C/75%RH (followed by 1 d at 60 degrees C for drying). Drug release was measured in 0.1 M HCl and in phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Interestingly, the addition of only small amounts of poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymer provided stable drug release profiles under all the investigated conditions, irrespective of the type of release medium, coating level, polymer blend ratio and curing conditions. The addition of small amounts of propylene glycol alginate resulted in unaltered drug release kinetics during open storage under ambient conditions, but decreasing theophylline release rates during open storage under stress conditions, due to further gradual polymer particle coalescence. When adding small amounts of carrageenan to the ethylcellulose coatings, essentially stable theophylline release patterns (with slight variations) were obtained. As coating conditions were not optimized for each system, further work is necessary to distinguish polymer from process effects. The observed stabilizing effects of the investigated added polymers might be attributable to their hydrophilic nature, trapping water within the coatings during film formation and, thus, facilitating polymer particle coalescence. This new concept can be used to overcome one of the major practical obstacles associated with aqueous polymeric film coatings today: storage instability. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Prediction of drug release from ethylcellulose coated pellets

The aim of this study was to elucidate the underlying drug release mechanisms in pellets coated with aqueous ethylcellulose dispersion, providing long term stable drug release profiles and containing different types of starter cores. The systems were thoroughly characterized using mechanical analysis; the sensitivity of drug release to the osmolality of the release medium was measured; scanning electron microscopy and optical macroscopy were used to monitor the pellets' morphology and dimensions upon exposure to different media, and drug release was measured from single and ensembles of pellets as well as from thin, free films. All experimental results indicate that diltiazem HCl release from pellets coated with ethylcellulose containing small amounts of poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymer is primarily controlled by drug diffusion through the intact polymeric membranes, irrespective of the type of starter core (consisting of microcrystalline cellulose or sugar, optionally coated with ethyl cellulose). Importantly, the apparent diffusion coefficient of the drug in the macromolecular networks could easily be determined with thin free films and successfully be used to quantitatively predict the release rate from coated pellets. Thus, based on this knowledge and using the presented mathematical theories the development of new/optimization of existing controlled drug delivery systems of this type can be significantly facilitated. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Improved long term stability of aqueous ethylcellulose film coatings: Importance of the type of drug and starter core

Instability during long term storage due to further gradual coalescence of the film remains one of the major challenges when using aqueous polymer dispersions for controlled release coatings. It has recently been shown that the addition of small amounts of poly(vinyl acetate)-poly(ethylene glycol)-graft-copolymer (PVA-PEC-graft-copolymer) to aqueous ethylcellulose dispersion provides long term stable drug release patterns even upon open storage under stress conditions in the case of theophylline matrix cores. However, the transferability of this approach to other types of drugs and starter cores exhibiting different osmotic activity is yet unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether this novel approach is also applicable to freely water-soluble drugs and osmotically active sugar starter cores. Importantly, long term stable drug release profiles from coated diltiazem HCl-layered sugar cores could be achieved even upon open storage for 1 year under stress conditions (40 degrees C and 75% relative humidity). However, to provide desired drug release profiles the amount of added PVA-PEG-graft-copolymer must be adjusted. A minimal critical content of 10% (w/w) of this hydrophilic additive was identified, under which further polymer particle coalescence upon long term storage under stress conditions cannot be excluded. Potentially too rapid drug release can effectively be slowed down by increasing the coating level. Thus, adapting the polymer blend ratio and coating thickness desired and long term stable drug release profiles (even under stress conditions and open storage) can be provided for very different types of drugs and starter cores by the addition of small amounts of PVA-PEG-graft-copolymer to aqueous ethylcellulose dispersion. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Drug release mechanisms from Kollicoat SR:Eudragit NE coated pellets

Thin, free films based on Kollicoat SR:Eudragit NE blends were prepared by casting or spraying aqueous dispersions of these polymers, and were thoroughly characterized with respect to their water uptake behavior, water permeability, dry mass loss kinetics, mechanical properties and drug release patterns. A mechanistic mathematical model based on Fick's law of diffusion was used to quantify the experimentally measured release of metoprolol succinate from various types of systems. With increasing Eudragit NE content the films became more hydrophobic, resulting in decreased water permeability as well as water uptake rates and extents. In addition, the dry mass loss upon exposure to the release medium decreased. Consequently, the films' permeability for the drug decreased. Importantly, metoprolol succinate release from thin films was mainly controlled by pure diffusion, allowing for the determination of the apparent diffusion coefficient of the drug in the different polymeric systems. Knowing these values, drug release from coated pellets could be quantitatively predicted, assuming intact film coatings throughout the observation period. Comparison with independent experimental results showed that crack formation set on very rapidly in the polymeric membranes upon exposure to the release medium in the case of sugar starter cores, irrespective of the polymer:polymer blend ratio and investigated coating level. In contrast, the onset of crack formation was delayed as a function of the blend ratio and coating thickness in the case of microcrystalline cellulose starter cores, attracting less water into the pellets core. The obtained new insight into the underlying drug release mechanisms can be very helpful during device optimization and improve the safety of this type of advanced drug delivery systems. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved