Phospholipids in Mediterranean cephalopods

Polar lipids of the cephalopods Eledone moschata, Sepia officinalis and Todarodes sagittatus mantle, represent 50.5%, 66.1% and 74.2% of wet tissue respectively. On the other hand the polar lipids of these three species of cephalopods constitute of 80.8%, 94.8% and 93.7% of phospholipids, respectively. The main phospholipids identified were phosphatidylcholine (52.2, 51.3 and 58.4% of total phospholipids respectively in the above mentioned species), phosphatidylethanolamine (18.1, 19.7 and 23.9%), sphingomyelin (10.7, 15.2 and 6.7%), lysophosphatidylcholine (3.1, 3.8 and 1.8%) and the unusual lipid ceramide aminoethylphosphonic acid (15.9, 10 and 9.2%). The 56.8% of phosphatidylcholine in Eledone moschata, the 46% in Sepia officinalis and the 74.1% in Todarodes sagittatus refer to the structure of 1,2-diacyl-glycerocholine and the remaining percentage refer to the structure of 1-o-alkyl-2-acyl-glycerocholine or 1-o-alkyl-1-enyl-2-acyl-glycerocholine. The 87.2% of phosphatidylethanolamine in Eledone moschata, the 81% in Sepia officinalis and the 90.7% in Todarodes sagittatus refer to the structure of 1,2-diacyl-glyceroethanolamine and the remaining percentage refer to the structure of 1-o-alkyl-2-acyl-glyceroethanolamine or 1-o-alkyl-1-enyl-2-acyl-glyceroethanolamine. The major saturated fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were C16:0 (30.3-67.5% and 23.2-54.5%) and C18:0 (3.6-17% and 15.4-28%), respectively, while the major unsaturated fatty acids in these lipids were C18:1n-9, n-7 (1.0-7.3% and 5.3-10.5%), C20:5n-3 (1.5-9.8% and 4,5-15.8%) and C22:6n-3 (12.5-42.0% and 7.011.3%), respectively

Triacylglycerols and their fatty acid composition in edible Mediterranean molluscs and crustacean

The triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of edible Mediterranean molluscs (Eledone moschata, Sepia officinalis, Todarodes sagittatus) and crustacean (Penaeus kerathurus) was studied using a combination of preparative RP-HPLC and GC/MS. In S. officinalis and T. sagittatus mantle TAG, the main fatty acids were C16:0 and C18:0 while in E. moschata they were C18:1ω-9, C16:0, C20:5ω-3 and C22:6ω-3. In P. kerathurus muscle and cephalothorax TAG, the main fatty acids were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω-9, C20:4ω-6, C20:5ω-3, C22:6ω-3 and C16:0, C18:1ω-9, C20:4ω-6, C20:5ω-3, C22:6ω-3, respectively. Thirteen TAG species were detected, the distribution of which was found to range according to the partition number from 34 to 48 for molluscs and from 36 to 50 for the crustacean. Over sixty TAG molecular structures were identified in the major TAG species. The most important in quantitative terms were long chain TAGs containing C14:0, C16:0, C18:0 as SFA, C16:1, C18:1 as MUFA and C18:2, C20:4, C20:5, C22:6 as PUFA. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Fatty acid of neutral and polar lipids of (edible) Mediterranean cephalopods

The mantles (edible parts) of three species of cephalopod molluscs from Saronicos Bay (Greece), a popular food consumed by Greeks, were examined for its neutral lipids and fatty acids and found to be excellent sources for polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially n-3). Total lipids of the cephalopods Eledone moschata, Sepia officinalis and Todarodes sagittatus mantle, constituted 2.0, 1.4 and 1.7% of wet tissue, respectively. Neutral lipid components of the mantles of the above mentioned organisms constituted 49.5, 33.9 and 25.8% of the total lipids, respectively. The main neutral lipids identified, for E. moschata were triglycerides 66.1%, free sterols 26.2% and sterol esters 5.4%; for S. officinalis were triglycerides 29.6%, free sterols 66.7% and sterol esters 1.2%; and for T. sagittatus were triglycerides 5.5%, free sterols 92.7% and sterol esters 0.6%. The main fatty acids found were: C16:0 (E. moschata 17.27%, S. officinalis 19.27%, T. sagittatus 26.66%), C18:0 (E. moschata 6.63%, S. officinalis 8.22%, T. sagittatus 4.90%), C20:5 (n-3) (E. moschata 16.73%, S. officinalis 17.59%, T. sagittatus 15.65%) and C22:6 (n-3) (E. moschata 24.71%, S. officinalis 30.69%, T. sagittatus 35.70%). By estimating the quantity of total sterol (cholesterol) and triglycerides in the meals it seems that if one consumes the same quantity of each of these cephalopods the intakes of total sterol and of the polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids from 100 g of mantle is about the same and supplies 0.26, 0.32 and 0.40 g of sterols, respectively, and 0.45, 0.32 and 0.40 g of n-3 fatty acids, respectively, while the triglycerides content is quite different and supplies 0.65, 0.14 and 0.02 g of triglycerides, respectively

Structural analysis of ceramide-amino-ethyl-phosphonate in edible mediterranean cephalopods

Sphingophosphonolipids (SPnLs) were isolated from the mantle of 3 kinds of cephalopod molluscs (Eledone moschata. Sepia officinalis, Todarodes sagittatus) of the Aegean Sea. Their structures were confirmed by a series of chemical and analytical methods such as gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electrospray mass spectrometry. They were identified as ceramide aminoethylphosphonate species. According to the phosphonate-phosphorus determination, ceramide am moethylphosphonate components were found to represent 15.9, 10.0 and 9.2% of total phospholipids, respectively. The long-chain bases (LCB) are C16-C22 dihydroxy monoenoic and dienoic bases. The component fatty acids are mainly palmitic acid (06:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) and in smaller quantities eicosaenoic acid (C20:1 n-9), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3). It is of great interest that Sepia officinalis was found to contain ceramide N-methylaminoethylphosphonate as minor phosphonolipid species

Structural analysis of ceramide-amino-ethyl-phosphonate in edible mediterranean cephalopods

Sphingophosphonolipids (SPnLs) were isolated from the mantle of 3 kinds of cephalopod molluscs(Eledone moschata, Sepia officinalis, Todarodes sagittatus) of the Aegean Sea. Their structures were confirmed by a series of chemical and analytical methods such as gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electrospray mass spectrometry. They were identified as ceramide aminoethylphosphonate species. According to the phosphonate-phosphorus determination, ceramide aminoethylphosphonate components were found to represent 15.9, 10.0 and 9.2% of total phospholipids, respectively. The long-chain bases (LCB) are C16-C22 dihydroxy monoenoic and dienoic bases. The component fatty acids are mainly palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1 n-9)) and in smaller quantities eicosaenoic acid (C20:1 n-9), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3). It is of great interest that Sepia officinalis was found to contain ceramide N-methylaminoethylphosphonate as minor phosphonolipid species

Main phospholipids and their fatty acid composition in muscle and cephalothorax of the edible Mediterranean crustacean Palinurus vulgaris (spiny lobster)

The total lipids of muscle and cephalothorax of Mediterranean lobster Palinurus vulgaris were found to be 1.0% and 2.4% of the wet tissue of which the phospholipids represented 66.5% and 47.5%, respectively. The main PhL saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle and cephalothorax were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω-9, C18:1ω-7, C20:4ω-6, C20:5ω-3 and C22:6ω-3. 2-OH C14:0 and cyclo-17:0 fatty acids were also identified though in low percentages. The main individual PhL in muscle were found to be phosphatidylcholine (53.5%), 72.0% of which corresponded to the structure of 1,2-diacyl-glycerocholine while the rest 28.0% to 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-glycerocholine or 1-O-(1-alkenyl)-2-acyl-glycerocholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (19.3%), 75.0% of which corresponded to the structure of 1,2-diacyl-glyceroethanolamine and 25% to 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-glyceroethanolamine or 1-O-(1-alkenyl)-2-acyl-glyceroethanolamine. Cephalothorax main PhL were found to be PC and PE (66.4% and 18.8%, respectively). In muscle and cephalothorax PC ω-3 fatty acids amounted 7.78% and 8.60%, while in PE amounted 30.77% and 23.65% respectively. Furthermore, in both tissues PhL, cardiolipine phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine, were also found. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Lipid, fatty acid and carotenoid content of edible egg yolks from avian species: A comparative study

A comparative study has been conducted of the major lipid classes composition, as well as the fatty acid and carotenoid content in the yolk of conventional eggs from five avian species (ostrich, turkey, quail, duck and goose); the nutritional indices were calculated. The neutral lipids were the major yolk fractions but their proportions varied among species. All yolks and especially ostrich's yolk were found to be an excellent source of dietary lecithin. Quail yolk displayed the lowest fat and cholesterol content and the lowest values for the cholesterol index (CI) and cholesterol-saturated fat index (CSI). It is therefore more appropriate for a healthier diet. Turkey and goose yolks contained significantly (P<0.05) higher ω-3 fatty acid proportion and ω-6/ω-3 ratio. The turkey yolk was characterised by the lowest AI and TI values, which are recommended for a healthy diet. Quail yolk lipids contained a favourable PUFA/SFA ratio. All the examined yolks contained highly bioavailable functional nutrients, such as lutein and zeaxanthin. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd

Isolation and identification of phospholipid molecular species in α wild marine shrimp Penaeus kerathurus muscle and cephalothorax

The concentration of TL in Penaeus kerathurus muscle and cephalothorax was 1.03 ± 0.04 (75.9 ± 0.8% of which was PhL) and 2.36 ± 0.07% (45.5 ± 0.8% of which was PhL) of the wet tissue, respectively. The phosphatidylethanolamine represented 26.4 ± 0.6% (85.6% diacyl- and 14.4% alkyl-acyl- or alkenyl-acyl-analogues) of muscle and 24.7 ± 0.2% (90.7% diacyl- and 9.3% alkyl-acyl- or 1-alkenyl-acyl-analogues) of cephalothorax phospholipids while the phosphatidylcholine represented 57.1 ± 0.6% (86.9% diacyl- and 13.1% alkyl-acyl- or alkenyl-acyl-analogues) of muscle and 47.2 ± 0.4% (89.1% diacyl- and 10.9% alkyl-acyl- or 1-alkenyl-acyl-analogues) of cephalothorax phospholipids, respectively. The main fatty acids of phosphatidylethanolamine were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 ω - 9, C20:4 ω - 6, C20:5 ω - 3, C22:6 ω - 3 and of phosphatidylcholine were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 ω - 9, C20:4 ω - 6, C20:5 ω - 3. Low percentages of 2-OH C14:0 and cyclo-17:0 fatty acids were also determined. Phosphatidylethanolamine were found to contain a significantly (P < 0.05) higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to phosphatidylcholine. The ω - 3/ω - 6 ratio in muscle phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine was significantly (P < 0.05) higher to the ones of cephalothorax. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Comparative analysis of the fatty acid and sterol profiles of widely consumed Mediterranean crustacean species

Comparative analysis of FA, NL and sterol profiles in the Nephrops norvegicus (langoustine), Palinurus vulgaris (lobster) and Penaeus kerathurus (shrimp) muscle and cephalothorax showed that C16:0, C16:1ω-7, C18:0, C18:1ω-9, C20:4ω-6, EPA and DHA were found to be their major FA. Highest EPA occurred in langoustine muscle TL, DHA in both shrimp tissues TL while C20:4ω-6 in lobster muscle and cephalothorax TL. Muscle and cephalothorax NL consisted mainly of sterols (42.5-54.4% and 13.7-43.1%) and triacylglycerols (35.4-45.8% and 44.6-59.4%). Cholesterol was the major sterol (70.90-98.58% and 97.10-98.31% of total sterols in muscle and cephalothorax respectively) followed by avenasterol (0.18-20.32% and 0.07-0.70%) and β-sitosterol (0.29-7.30% and 0.23-0.75%). Lower concentrations of brassicasterol, stigmasterol, Δ7-stigmasterol, campesterol and campestanol were also found. The examined crustaceans muscle (edible part) was found to be a good ω-3 PUFA source for the consumers, while the cephalothorax (which is usually discarded) could be used effectively as a source for ω-3 PUFA production. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Effects of pan-frying on PUFA, MUFA and individual lipid content in Spicara smaris

The effects of different frying methods (oil free, extra virgin olive oil and sunflower oil pan-fried) on proximate, neutral and polar lipid composition as well as the fatty acid content of Spicara smaris, a fish species commonly consumed by Mediterranean people, were determined. Pan-frying caused insignificant changes in proteins and polar lipids, whereas a significant (P<0.05) decrease in moisture and ash content, and a significant (P<0.05) increase in the neutral lipids and total sterol content could be detected after pan frying in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and sunflower oil. The loss of the individual phospholipid content was not significant during the pan-frying process, but its proportion was influenced by the uptake of the culinary fat. The absorption of oil medium in pan-fried, in EVOO, and in sunflower oil samples resulted in an alteration of their fatty acid profiles including a significant (P<0.05) increase of C18:1ω-9 and C18:2ω-6 ratios and a decrease of EPA, DHA percentages as well as of the ω-3/ω-6 ratio. All frying methods affected (P<0.05) lipid quality indices but their values could be considered satisfactory in terms of healthiness. Among the fried samples, the oil free fried samples also presented the poorest triglyceride and cholesterol content, and the greatest ω-3/ω-6 ratio, thus, they were found to present the most appropriate frying method for healthy eating