A rare cryptic translation product is presented by Kb major histocompatibility complex class I molecule to alloreactive T cells.

The identity of allogeneic peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes that elicit vigorous T cell responses has remained an interesting problem for both practical and theoretical reasons. Although a few abundant MHC class I-bound peptides have been purified and sequenced, identifying the unique T cell-stimulating peptides from among the thousands of existing peptides is still a very difficult undertaking. In this report, we identified the antigenic peptide that is recognized by an alloreactive bm1 anti-B6 T cell clone using a novel genetic strategy that is based upon measurement of T cell receptor occupancy in single T cells. Using lacZ-inducible T cells as a probe, we screened a splenic cDNA library in transiently transfected antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and isolated a cDNA clone that allowed expression of the appropriate peptide/Kb MHC complex in APC. The antigenic octapeptide (SVVEFSSL) exactly matched the consensus Kb MHC motif, but was surprisingly encoded by a non-ATG defined translation reading frame. Furthermore, the abundance of the naturally processed analog in untransfected cells was estimated to be <10 copies per cell. These results illustrate a novel strategy for identifying T cell-stimulating antigens in general and directly show that alloreactive T cells can respond to rather rare peptide/MHC complexes. These results also suggest that the total pool of processed peptides expressed on the APC surface may include those generated by cryptic translation of normally expressed transcripts

Power Allocation and Cooperative Diversity in Two-Way Non-Regenerative Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, we investigate the performance of a dual-hop block fading cognitive radio network with underlay spectrum sharing over independent but not necessarily identically distributed (i.n.i.d.) Nakagami-$m$ fading channels. The primary network consists of a source and a destination. Depending on whether the secondary network which consists of two source nodes have a single relay for cooperation or multiple relays thereby employs opportunistic relay selection for cooperation and whether the two source nodes suffer from the primary users' (PU) interference, two cases are considered in this paper, which are referred to as Scenario (a) and Scenario (b), respectively. For the considered underlay spectrum sharing, the transmit power constraint of the proposed system is adjusted by interference limit on the primary network and the interference imposed by primary user (PU). The developed new analysis obtains new analytical results for the outage capacity (OC) and average symbol error probability (ASEP). In particular, for Scenario (a), tight lower bounds on the OC and ASEP of the secondary network are derived in closed-form. In addition, a closed from expression for the end-to-end OC of Scenario (a) is achieved. With regards to Scenario (b), a tight lower bound on the OC of the secondary network is derived in closed-form. All analytical results are corroborated using Monte Carlo simulation method

Effect of Jitter on the Settling Time of Mesochronous Clock Retiming Circuits

It is well known that timing jitter can degrade the bit error rate (BER) of receivers that recover the clock from input data. However, timing jitter can also result in an indefinite increase in the settling time of clock recovery circuits, particularly in low swing mesochronous systems. Mesochronous clock retiming circuits are required in repeaterless low swing on-chip interconnects. We first discuss how timing jitter can result in a large increase in the settling time of the clock recovery circuit. Next, the circuit is modelled as a Markov chain with absorbing states. The mean time to absorption of the Markov chain, which represents the mean settling time of the circuit, is determined. The model is validated through behavioural simulations of the circuit, the results of which match well with the model predictions. We consider circuits with (i) data dependent jitter, (ii) random jitter, and (iii) combination of both of them. We show that a mismatch between the strengths of up and down corrections of the retiming can reduce the settling time. In particular, a 10% mismatch can reduce the mean settling time by up to 40%. We leverage this fact toward improving the settling time performance, and propose useful techniques based on biased training sequences and mismatched charge pumps. We also present a coarse+fine clock retiming circuit, which can operate in coarse first mode, to reduce the settling time substantially. These fast settling retiming circuits are verified with circuit simulations.Comment: 23 pages, 40 figure

Analisis Hubungan Kebersihan Lingkungan Dengan Status Gizi Balita

Human cannot ignore the role of the environment. Human cannot deny their need for natural resources which are provided by the environment to meet their needs. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship of the environmental hygiene and children nutritional status. This study was conducted in the Gampong Geulanggang Teungoh, Kecamatan Kota Juang, Kabupaten Bireuen in March 2015. The population in this study were 102 housewives in Gampong Teungoh with age ranged from 20 to 45 years old who have children. The sample taken were 30 people. The results indicated that there was a relationship between environmental hygiene with the children nutritional status in the Gampong Geulanggang Teungoh, Kecamatan Kota Juang, Kabupaten Bireuen.Keywords: Environmental Hygiene, Children Nutritional Status PENDAHULUANKonsep ekosistem menyatakan bahwa manusia merupakan bagian dari tempat tinggal atau lingkungan hidupnya. Sebagai salah satu jenis (spesies) makhluk hidup, manusia merupakan bagian dari jejaring kehidupan. Artinya, manusia juga sebagai salah satu komponen yang menempati mata rantai daur materi dan trasnfer energi. Manusia dapat hidup karena ada komponen hayati lainnya, misalnya: tinja dan air seninya merupakan makanan bagi jenis makhluk hidup tertentu, dan tubuhnya setelah meninggal diuraikan oleh jasad renik menjadi senyawa yang lebih sederhana sebagai mineral, air dan CO2. Perilaku manusia yang telah menyimpang dari keteraturan dari sistem alam itulah yang akan menimbulkan permasalahan, berupa krisis lingkungan.Kehidupan manusia tidak dapat mengabaikan peran lingkungan. Manusia tidak dapat mengingkari kebutuhan akan sumber daya alam yang disediakan lingkungan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidunya. Demikian pula manusia tidak dapat mengabaikan dan menutup mata pada kerusakan lingkungan dan alam akibat aktivitas yang dilakukannya dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidup. Sejak zaman nenek moyang kita dahulu, manusia mampu mempertahankan kehidupannya di bumi ini karena berinteraksi dengan benda-benda yang ada sekitarnya. Interaksi yang paling utama adalah penggunaan bahan-bahan sumberdaya alam untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan dan perlindungan (pakaian, tempat tinggal). Seiring dengan kepemilikan dan kemajuan teknologi, pola kehidupan masyarakat ikut mengalami Perubahan

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa melalui Model Pembelajaran Think-pair-square (Tps) pada Mata Pelajaran IPS dalam Materi Sumber Daya Alam Kita Kelas IV Sdn 04 Bukit Harapan Kecamatan Kerinci Kanan Kabupaten Siak

Classroom action research was motivated by the phenomena that show low student learningoutcomes, among which are 1) most of the students can not complete the task and Homework(PR), 2) some students can not answer the post test, 3) Average daily values pupils is low iebelow the minimum completeness criteria (KKM) is 70. Therefore, researchers appliedlearning model Think-Pair-Square (TPS), which aims to improve student learning outcomesIPS. The problems of this study is whether the learning model Think-Pair-Square (TPS) toimprove learning outcomes for Social Sciences in the material type and distribution of naturalresources in the fourth grade SDN 04 Bukit Harapan Kecamatan Kerinci Kanan KabupatenSiak?. The object of this study is the use of learning model Think-Pair-Square (TPS), whilethe subject of this study is all fourth grade students of SDN 04 Bukit Harapan KecamatanKerinci Kanan Kabupaten Siak, the academic year 2015/2016 the number of students as manyas 22 people. This research was conducted in two cycles, each cycle is done in three sessions,To study this class action work well without barriers obstructing the smooth running of thestudy, researchers compiled stages are passed in classroom action research, namely: 1)planning/ preparatory actions 2) Implementation of the action, 3) observation, and 4)reflection. Based on the results of preliminary observations, student learning outcomesobtained in classical completeness percentage is 41%, this figure has not reached the successthat has been established in this study. Then based on the results of tests on the first cycleshowed that the level of student learning outcomes achieve classical completeness percentageis 64%, this figure has not reached the success that has been established in this study is 75%,therefore the next cycle continued. While on the second cycle increased achieve learningoutcomes of students gaining the percentage of classical completeness is 100%, meaning thatthis figure has exceeded the success rate has been established in this study and theachievement of 100% value in the classical completeness, this research was successful

Coherent back-scattering near the two-dimensional metal-insulator transition

We have studied corrections to conductivity due to the coherent backscattering in low-disordered two-dimensional electron systems in silicon for a range of electron densities including the vicinity of the metal-insulator transition, where the dramatic increase of the spin susceptibility has been observed earlier. We show that the corrections, which exist deeper in the metallic phase, weaken upon approaching to the transition and practically vanish at the critical density, thus suggesting that the localization is suppressed near and at the transition even in zero field.Comment: to appear in PR

Peningkatan Moral Anak Usia Dini Melalui Boneka Jari Di Taman Kanak-kanak Negeri 1 Koto Tuo Kabupaten Sijunjung

Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ini dilakukan di TK Negeri 1 Koto Tuo Kabupaten Sijunjung yang pada kondisi awal peneliti melihat bahwa tingkat perkembangan moral anak masih rendah. Terbukti bahwa mereka belum bisa membedakan antara perilaku yang baik dan perilaku yang buruk. Selama ini guru menggunakan metode yang tidak bervariasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk meningkatkan moral anak didik melalui boneka jari. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dan catatan lapangan. Hasil persentase penelitian dari Siklus I dan Siklus II menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan moral anak mengalami peningkatan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa boneka jari dapat meningkatkan perkembangan moral anak