IGL-1 solution reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in rat liver transplantation

Injury due to cold ischemia reperfusion (I/R) is a major cause of primary graft non-function following liver transplantation. We postulated that I/R-induced cellular damage during liver transplantation might affect the secretory pathway, particularly at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We examined the involvement of ER stress in organ preservation, and compared cold storage in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution and in Institute Georges Lopez-1 (IGL-1) solution. In one group of rats, livers were preserved in UW solution for 8 h at 4 °C, and then orthotopic liver transplantation was performed according to Kamada's cuff technique. In another group, livers were preserved in IGL-1 solution. The effect of each preservation solution on the induction of ER stress, hepatic injury, mitochondrial damage and cell death was evaluated. As expected, we found increased ER stress after liver transplantation. IGL-1 solution significantly attenuated ER damage by reducing the activation of three pathways of unfolded protein response and their effector molecules caspase-12, C/EBP homologous protein-10, X-box-binding protein 1, tumor necrosis factor-associated factor 2 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2. This attenuation of ER stress was associated with a reduction in hepatic injury and cell death. Our results show that IGL-1 solution may be a useful means to circumvent excessive ER stress reactions associated with liver transplantation, and may optimize graft quality

Error compensation by model-based interferometry

One of the main problems in interferometric form testing is to distinguish form defects of the tested mirror from wavefront aberrations due to bad adjustment of the experimental set-up (Tutsch R 1994). When testing planar and spherical mirrors, an interpretation of the result is achieved using Zernike polynominals, for example, and fitting them to the measured wavefront. With increasing complexity of the measuring task (for example the interferometrical examination of hyperbolic or parabolic mirrors) it becomes more complicated to differentiate between defects of the mirror and those of the interferometer. This paper presents research work concerning the application of computer-based adjustments to various complex types of interferometers with the objective of increasing the reliability and, finally, the accuracy of interferometric measurements