21,498 research outputs found
Preface "Nonlinear processes in oceanic and atmospheric flows"
Nonlinear phenomena are essential ingredients in many oceanic and atmospheric
processes, and successful understanding of them benefits from multidisciplinary
collaboration between oceanographers, meteorologists, physicists and
mathematicians. The present Special Issue on ``Nonlinear Processes in Oceanic
and Atmospheric Flows'' contains selected contributions from attendants to the
workshop which, in the above spirit, was held in Castro Urdiales, Spain, in
July 2008. Here we summarize the Special Issue contributions, which include
papers on the characterization of ocean transport in the Lagrangian and in the
Eulerian frameworks, generation and variability of jets and waves, interactions
of fluid flow with plankton dynamics or heavy drops, scaling in meteorological
fields, and statistical properties of El Ni\~no Southern Oscillation.Comment: This is the introductory article to a Special Issue on "Nonlinear
Processes in Oceanic and Atmospheric Flows'', published in the journal
Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, where the different contributions are
summarized. The Special Issue itself is freely available from
http://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/special_issue103.htm
From car to bike. Marketing and dialogue as a driver of change
The Paris Climate Agreement has sent a key message to the international community regarding the need to increase efforts to move towards a low-carbon economy and help slow climate change, while underpinning global long-term economic growth and sustainable development. COP 21 recognizes the social, economic and environmental value of voluntary mitigation actions and their co-benefits for adaptation, health and sustainable development. In this framework, the PTP Cycle project, running from 2013 to 2016 and funded by the European Commission through the Intelligent Energy Europe program, introduces a non-market approach through voluntary participation in the adoption of sustainable transport modes such as cycling, based on marketing to potential customers through Personalized Travel Plans. The medium-sized city of Burgos (Spain) and the cities of Ljubljana, Riga, Antwerp and London
(boroughs of Haringey and Greenwich) developed a new policy instrument (Personalized Travel Plans) in order to increase bike patronage. Beyond potential savings of CO2, the results show that PTP as a form of Active Mobility Consultancy is a suitable instrument to influence modal shift to public transport, walking and cycling, and to address the challenges of climate change, while fostering sustainable transportation by changing mobility behaviour. These results, matching with the state-of-the-art of studies and pilot applications in other countries, allows deriving differentiated results for medium-size and large urban areas
Spatially resolved H_2 emission from a very low-mass star
Molecular outflows from very low-mass stars (VLMSs) and brown dwarfs have
been studied very little. So far, only a few CO outflows have been observed,
allowing us to map the immediate circumstellar environment. We present the
first spatially resolved H2 emission around IRS54 (YLW52), a ~0.1-0.2 Msun
Class I source. By means of VLT SINFONI K-band observations, we probed the H2
emission down to the first ~50 AU from the source. The molecular emission shows
a complex structure delineating a large outflow cavity and an asymmetric
molecular jet. Thanks to the detection of several H2 transitions, we are able
to estimate average values along the jet-like structure (from source position
to knot D) of Av~28 mag, T~2000-3000 K, and H2 column density N(H2)~1.7x10^17
cm^-2. This allows us to estimate a mass loss rate of ~2x10^-10 Msun/yr for the
warm H2 component . In addition, from the total flux of the Br Gamma line, we
infer an accretion luminosity and mass accretion rate of 0.64 Lsun and ~3x10^-7
Msun/yr, respectively. The outflow structure is similar to those found in
low-mass Class I and CTTS. However, the Lacc/Lbol ratio is very high (~80%),
and the mass accretion rate is about one order of magnitude higher when
compared to objects of roughly the same mass, pointing to the young nature of
the investigated source.Comment: accepted as a Letter in A&
WP 2017-377
Working paperSame-sex marriage became legal nationwide in the United States on June 26, 2015. Federal legalization of same-sex marriage expands the pool of individuals potentially eligible for spousal Social Security benefits to the estimated 4 percent of the population that is lesbian, gay, or bisexual. This paper is a foundational step toward better understanding the potential impact of the expansion of marriage rights to same-sex couples on Social Security. We primarily use data from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey to describe the economic circumstances of couple households. Building on this information, we find that same-sex couples tend to have higher household earnings than heterosexual couples, especially male couples. We estimate that same-sex couples have a smaller earnings gap (up to 4 percentage points) compared with heterosexuals. Intrahousehold division of labor explains 58 to 66 percent of the observed smaller earnings gaps in same-sex versus heterosexual couples. Same-sex married couples are less likely than heterosexuals to qualify for spousal SS benefits, but given that they are eligible, males can generally claim higher benefit amounts than heterosexuals (about 7,200 /year). We project spousal benefit claims for same-sex couples 2017 to 2040, using standard demographic methods to estimate the gay and lesbian population by age and sex for this period. Finally, we collect new data that confirm the results obtained from the ACS, and provide insights about subjective expectations about marriage and labor supply prospects for this population. These can be used for future estimations.Social Security Administration, RRC08098401-09, R-UM17-07https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143131/1/wp377.pd
Phenomenology Tools on Cloud Infrastructures using OpenStack
We present a new environment for computations in particle physics
phenomenology employing recent developments in cloud computing. On this
environment users can create and manage "virtual" machines on which the
phenomenology codes/tools can be deployed easily in an automated way. We
analyze the performance of this environment based on "virtual" machines versus
the utilization of "real" physical hardware. In this way we provide a
qualitative result for the influence of the host operating system on the
performance of a representative set of applications for phenomenology
calculations.Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures; information on memory usage included, as well
as minor modifications. Version to appear in EPJ
POISSON project - III - Investigating the evolution of the mass accretion rate
As part of the POISSON project (Protostellar Optical-Infrared Spectral Survey
on NTT), we present the results of the analysis of low-resolution NIR spectra
0.9-2.4 um) of two samples of YSOs in Lupus and Serpens (52 and 17 objects),
with masses 0.1-2.0 Msun and ages from 10^5 to a few 10^7 yr. After determining
the accretion parameters of the Lup and Ser targets by analysing their HI
near-IR emission features, we added the results to those from previous regions
(investigated in POISSON with the same methodology). We obtained a final
catalogue (143 objects) of mass accretion rates (Macc) derived in a homogeneous
fashion and analysed how Macc correlates with M* and how it evolves in time. We
derived the accretion luminosity (Lacc) and Macc for Lup and Ser objects from
the Br_gamma line by using relevant empirical relationships from the literature
that connect HI line luminosity and Lacc. To minimise the biases and also for
self-consistency, we re-derived mass and age for each source using the same set
of evolutionary tracks. We observe a correlation MaccM*^2.2, similarly to what
has previously been observed in several star-forming clouds. The time variation
of Macc is roughly consistent with the expected evolution in viscous disks,
with an asymptotic decay that behaves as t^-1.6. However, Macc values are
characterised by a large scatter at similar ages and are on average higher than
the predictions of viscous models. Although part of the scattering may be
related to the employed empirical relationship and to uncertainties on the
single measurements, the general distribution and decay trend of the Macc
points are real. These findings might be indicative of a large variation in the
initial mass of the disks, of fairly different viscous laws among disks, of
varying accretion regimes, and of other mechanisms that add to the dissipation
of the disks, such as photo-evaporation.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, accepted by A&
Outflows of hot molecular gas in ultra-luminous infra-red galaxies mapped with VLT-SINFONI
We present the detection and morphological characterization of hot molecular
gas outflows in nearby ultra-luminous infrared galaxies, using the near-IR
integral-field spectrograph SINFONI on the VLT. We detect outflows observed in
the 2.12 micron H 1-0 S(1) line for three out of four ULIRGs analyzed;
IRAS 12112+0305, 14348-1447, and 22491-1808. The outflows are mapped on scales
of 0.7-1.6 kpc, show typical outflow velocities of 300-500 km/s, and appear to
originate from the nuclear region. The outflows comprise hot molecular gas
masses of ~6-8x10 M(sun). Assuming a hot-to-cold molecular gas mass ratio
of 6x10, as found in nearby luminous IR galaxies, the total (hot+cold)
molecular gas mass in these outflows is expected to be ~1x10 M(sun). This
translates into molecular mass outflow rates of ~30-85 M(sun)/yr, which is a
factor of a few lower than the star formation rate in these ULIRGs. In
addition, most of the outflowing molecular gas does not reach the escape
velocity of these merger systems, which implies that the bulk of the outflowing
molecular gas is re-distributed within the system and thus remains available
for future star formation. The fastest H outflow is seen in the
Compton-thick AGN of IRAS 14348-1447, reaching a maximum outflow velocity of
~900 km/s. Another ULIRG, IRAS 17208-0014, shows asymmetric H line
profiles different from the outflows seen in the other three ULIRGs. We discuss
several alternative explanations for its line asymmetries, including a very
gentle galactic wind, internal gas dynamics, low-velocity gas outside the disk,
or two superposed gas disks. We do not detect the hot molecular counterpart to
the outflow previously detected in CO(2-1) in IRAS 17208-0014, but we note that
our SINFONI data are not sensitive enough to detect this outflow if it has a
small hot-to-cold molecular gas mass ratio of < 9x10.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A (11 pages, 10 figures
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