431 research outputs found
Atmospheres and wind properties of non-spherical AGB stars
The wind-driving mechanism of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars is commonly
attributed to a two-step process: first, gas in the stellar atmosphere is
levitated by shockwaves caused by stellar pulsation, then accelerated outwards
by radiative pressure on newly formed dust, inducing a wind. Dynamical
modelling of such winds usually assumes a spherically symmetric star. We
explore the potential consequences of complex stellar surface structures, as
predicted by three-dimensional (3D) star-in-a-box modelling of M-type AGB
stars, on the resulting wind properties with the aim to improve the current
wind models. Two different modelling approaches are used; the COBOLD 3D
star-in-a-box code to simulate the convective, pulsating interior and lower
atmosphere of the star, and the DARWIN one-dimensional (1D) code to describe
the dynamical atmosphere where the wind is accelerated. The gas dynamics of the
inner atmosphere region at distances of , which both modelling
approaches simulate, are compared. Dynamical properties and luminosity
variations derived from COBOLD interior models are used as input for the
inner boundary in DARWIN wind models in order to emulate the effects of giant
convection cells and pulsation, and explore their influence on the dynamical
properties. The COBOLD models are inherently anisotropic, with non-uniform
shock fronts and varying luminosity amplitudes, in contrast to the spherically
symmetrical DARWIN wind models. DARWIN wind models with COBOLD-derived
inner boundary conditions produced wind velocities and mass-loss rates
comparable to the standard DARWIN models, however the winds show large density
variations on time-scales of 10-20 years.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication in A&
Dust-driven winds of AGB stars: The critical interplay of atmospheric shocks and luminosity variations
Winds of AGB stars are thought to be driven by a combination of
pulsation-induced shock waves and radiation pressure on dust. In dynamic
atmosphere and wind models, the stellar pulsation is often simulated by
prescribing a simple sinusoidal variation in velocity and luminosity at the
inner boundary of the model atmosphere. We experiment with different forms of
the luminosity variation in order to assess the effects on the wind velocity
and mass-loss rate, when progressing from the simple sinusoidal recipe towards
more realistic descriptions. Using state-of-the-art dynamical models of C-rich
AGB stars, a range of different asymmetric shapes of the luminosity variation
and a range of phase shifts of the luminosity variation relative to the radial
variation are tested. These tests are performed on two stellar atmosphere
models. The first model has dust condensation and, as a consequence, a stellar
wind is triggered, while the second model lacks both dust and wind. The first
model with dust and stellar wind is very sensitive to moderate changes in the
luminosity variation. There is a complex relationship between the luminosity
minimum, and dust condensation: changing the phase corresponding to minimum
luminosity can either increase or decrease mass-loss rate and wind velocity.
The luminosity maximum dominates the radiative pressure on the dust, which in
turn, is important for driving the wind. These effects of changed luminosity
variation are coupled with the dust formation. In contrast there is very little
change to the structure of the model without dust. Changing the luminosity
variation, both by introducing a phase shift and by modifying the shape,
influences wind velocity and the mass-loss rate. To improve wind models it
would probably be desirable to extract boundary conditions from 3D dynamical
interior models or stellar pulsation models.Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Pulsation-induced atmospheric dynamics in M-type AGB stars. Effects on wind properties, photometric variations and near-IR CO line profiles
Wind-driving in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars is commonly attributed to
a two-step process. First, matter in the stellar atmosphere is levitated by
shock waves, induced by stellar pulsation, and second, this matter is
accelerated by radiation pressure on dust, resulting in a wind. In dynamical
atmosphere and wind models the effects of the stellar pulsation are often
simulated by a simplistic prescription at the inner boundary. We test a sample
of dynamical models for M-type AGB stars, for which we kept the stellar
parameters fixed to values characteristic of a typical Mira variable but varied
the inner boundary condition. The aim was to evaluate the effect on the
resulting atmosphere structure and wind properties. The results of the models
are compared to observed mass-loss rates and wind velocities, photometry, and
radial velocity curves, and to results from 1D radial pulsation models.
Dynamical atmosphere models are calculated, using the DARWIN code for different
combinations of photospheric velocities and luminosity variations. The inner
boundary is changed by introducing an offset between maximum expansion of the
stellar surface and the luminosity and/or by using an asymmetric shape for the
luminosity variation. Models that resulted in realistic wind velocities and
mass-loss rates, when compared to observations, also produced realistic
photometric variations. For the models to also reproduce the characteristic
radial velocity curve present in Mira stars (derived from CO
lines), an overall phase shift of 0.2 between the maxima of the luminosity and
radial variation had to be introduced. We find that a group of models with
different boundary conditions (29 models, including the model with standard
boundary conditions) results in realistic velocities and mass-loss rates, and
in photometric variations
An extensive grid of DARWIN models for M-type AGB stars I. Mass-loss rates and other properties of dust-driven winds
The purpose of this work is to present an extensive grid of dynamical
atmosphere and wind models for M-type AGB stars, covering a wide range of
relevant stellar parameters. We used the DARWIN code, which includes
frequency-dependent radiation-hydrodynamics and a time-dependent description of
dust condensation and evaporation, to simulate the dynamical atmosphere. The
wind-driving mechanism is photon scattering on submicron-sized MgSiO
grains. The grid consists of models, with luminosities from
to and
effective temperatures from 2200K to 3400K. For the first time different
current stellar masses are explored with M-type DARWIN models, ranging from
0.75M to 3M. The modelling results are radial atmospheric
structures, dynamical properties such as mass-loss rates and wind velocities,
and dust properties (e.g. grain sizes, dust-to-gas ratios, and degree of
condensed Si). We find that the mass-loss rates of the models correlate
strongly with luminosity. They also correlate with the ratio :
increasing by an order of magnitude increases the mass-loss rates by
about three orders of magnitude, which may naturally create a superwind regime
in evolution models. There is, however, no discernible trend of mass-loss rate
with effective temperature, in contrast to what is found for C-type AGB stars.
We also find that the mass-loss rates level off at luminosities higher than
, and consequently at pulsation periods longer
than days. The final grain radii range from 0.25 micron to 0.6
micron. The amount of condensed Si is typically between 10% and 40%, with
gas-to-dust mass ratios between 500 and 4000.Comment: Accepted to A&A, 17 pages, 15 figure
3D non-LTE iron abundances in FG-type dwarfs
Spectroscopic measurements of iron abundances are prone to systematic
modelling errors. We present 3D non-LTE calculations across 32 STAGGER-grid
models with effective temperatures from 5000 K to 6500 K, surface gravities of
4.0 dex and 4.5 dex, and metallicities from 3 dex to 0 dex, and study the
effects on 171 Fe I and 12 Fe II optical lines. In warm metal-poor stars, the
3D non-LTE abundances are up to 0.5 dex larger than 1D LTE abundances inferred
from Fe I lines of intermediate excitation potential. In contrast, the 3D
non-LTE abundances can be 0.2 dex smaller in cool metal-poor stars when using
Fe I lines of low excitation potential. The corresponding abundance differences
between 3D non-LTE and 1D non-LTE are generally less severe but can still reach
0.2 dex. For Fe II lines the 3D abundances range from up to 0.15 dex
larger, to 0.10 dex smaller, than 1D abundances, with negligible departures
from 3D LTE except for the warmest stars at the lowest metallicities. The
results were used to correct 1D LTE abundances of the Sun and Procyon (HD
61421), and of the metal-poor stars HD 84937 and HD 140283, using an
interpolation routine based on neural networks. The 3D non-LTE models achieve
an improved ionisation balance in all four stars. In the two metal-poor stars,
they remove excitation imbalances that amount to 250 K to 300 K errors in
effective temperature. For Procyon, the 3D non-LTE models suggest [Fe/H] = 0.11
0.03, which is significantly larger than literature values based on
simpler models. We make the 3D non-LTE interpolation routine for FG-type dwarfs
publicly available, in addition to 1D non-LTE departure coefficients for
standard MARCS models of FGKM-type dwarfs and giants. These tools, together
with an extended 3D LTE grid for Fe II from 2019, can help improve the accuracy
of stellar parameter and iron abundance determinations for late-type stars.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables; arXiv abstract abridged; accepted for
publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic
Impact of Escherichia coli on Urine Citrate and Urease-Induced Crystallization
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is usually not a urease producer. It is, however, often cultured in urinary phosphate containing calculi including ammonium magnesium phosphate stones. This suggests the possibility that E. coli might be involved in stone forming process. The effect of E. coli on urine citrate and urease-induced crystallization in human urine has been studied in vitro. E. coli was found to strongly reduce urine citrate (after 48 hours). In the E. coli inoculated samples, the urease-induced crystallization was increased. There was a strong correlation, r = 0.8, between the citrate decrease and the increase in calcium precipitation. The results indicate that E. coli and the reduced urine citrate influences urease-induced crystallization in vitro
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Thin liquid water clouds: their importance and our challenge
Many clouds important to the Earth’s energy balance contain small amounts of liquid water, yet despite many improvements, large differences in retrievals of their liquid water amount and particle size still must be resolved
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Strategy Plan A Methodology to Predict the Uniformity of Double-Shell Tank Waste Slurries Based on Mixing Pump Operation
This document presents an analysis of the mechanisms influencing mixing within double-shell slurry tanks. A research program to characterize mixing of slurries within tanks has been proposed. The research program presents a combined experimental and computational approach to produce correlations describing the tank slurry concentration profile (and therefore uniformity) as a function of mixer pump operating conditions. The TEMPEST computer code was used to simulate both a full-scale (prototype) and scaled (model) double-shell waste tank to predict flow patterns resulting from a stationary jet centered in the tank. The simulation results were used to evaluate flow patterns in the tank and to determine whether flow patterns are similar between the full-scale prototype and an existing 1/12-scale model tank. The flow patterns were sufficiently similar to recommend conducting scoping experiments at 1/12-scale. Also, TEMPEST modeled velocity profiles of the near-floor jet were compared to experimental measurements of the near-floor jet with good agreement. Reported values of physical properties of double-shell tank slurries were analyzed to evaluate the range of properties appropriate for conducting scaled experiments. One-twelfth scale scoping experiments are recommended to confirm the prioritization of the dimensionless groups (gravitational settling, Froude, and Reynolds numbers) that affect slurry suspension in the tank. Two of the proposed 1/12-scale test conditions were modeled using the TEMPEST computer code to observe the anticipated flow fields. This information will be used to guide selection of sampling probe locations. Additional computer modeling is being conducted to model a particulate laden, rotating jet centered in the tank. The results of this modeling effort will be compared to the scaled experimental data to quantify the agreement between the code and the 1/12-scale experiment. The scoping experiment results will guide selection of parameters to be varied in the follow-on experiments. Data from the follow-on experiments will be used to develop correlations to describe slurry concentration profile as a function of mixing pump operating conditions. This data will also be used to further evaluate the computer model applications. If the agreement between the experimental data and the code predictions is good, the computer code will be recommended for use to predict slurry uniformity in the tanks under various operating conditions. If the agreement between the code predictions and experimental results is not good, the experimental data correlations will be used to predict slurry uniformity in the tanks within the range of correlation applicability
Radiotherapy for early stage favourable breast cancers
British Journal of Cancer (2002) 86, 309–310. DOI: 10.1038/sj/bjc/6600004 www.bjcancer.co
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