214 research outputs found

    KOSMAS-GYTHIO UNIT: A METAMORPHIC CARBONATE SEQUENCE OVERLYING THE PHYLLITES-QUARTZITES UNIT IN SOUTHERN PELOPONNESUS, GREECE.

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    New data from southern Peloponnesus show the presence of a metamorphic carbonate sequence sandwiched between the Phyllites Quartzites and the Tyros beds, the permothassic base of the Tripolitza unit. The lithostratigraphic members of this sequence, named Kosmas Gythio unit, are comparable to that of the Plattenkalk unit in Taygetos and Parnon mountains. It is suggested that palaeogeographically the unit belongs to the Ionian basin and its position was between the Plattenkalk unit and the Tripolitza carbonate platform. As for the Phyllites-Quartzites unit it is suggested that this unit is not a metamorphic equivalent to the Tyros Beds or the basement of the Tripolitza platform, but the base or the basement of the Kosmas-Gythio unit, and therefore of the Ionian basin

    FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF THE 2015 (NOVEMBER 17, MW 6.4) LEFKAS (IONIAN SEA, WESTERN GREECE) EARTHQUAKE IMPACT ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND BUILDING STOCK OF LEFKAS ISLAND

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    Την Τρίτη 17 Νοεμβρίου 2015 στις 09:10:07 (τοπική ώρα) εκδηλώθηκε σφοδρή σεισμική δόνηση μεγέθους Mw 6.4, βάθους περί τα 7χλμ και με επίκεντρο σε απόσταση 20 χλμ νοτιοδυτικά της πόλης της Λευκάδας. Η σεισμική δραστηριότητα στην περιοχή ήταν ουσιαστικά αναμενόμενη σε μεσοπρόθεσμη κλίμακα μετά τον σεισμό της Λευκάδας το 2003 και τους σεισμούς της Κεφαλονιάς το 2014. Στον ενδιάμεσο χώρο οι γεωτεκτονικές δυνάμεις δεν είχαν εκτονωθεί μετά τους σεισμούς του 1948 με αποτέλεσμα την εκδήλωση του πρόσφατου σεισμού, που έγινε αισθητός σε όλη τη Λευκάδα και την ευρύτερη περιοχή προκαλώντας το θάνατο 2 και τον τραυματισμό 8 κατοίκων, εκτεταμένες δευτερογενείς επιπτώσεις στο περιβάλλον και βλάβες στα κτίρια και τις υποδομές του νησιού. Οι δευτερογενείς επιπτώσεις στη δυτική Λευκάδα διακρίθηκαν σε εδαφικές ρωγμές, αστοχίες πρανών και ρευστοποίηση. Πρωτογενείς επιπτώσεις δεν παρατηρήθηκαν. Κτιριακές βλάβες σημειώθηκαν κυρίως σε οικισμούς στο βύθισμα Δράγανου-Αθάνιου στη νοτιοδυτική Λευκάδα. Από τα κτίρια, που έχουν κατασκευαστεί χωρίς αντισεισμικό σχεδιασμό, τα πετρόκτιστα κτίρια και οι ιστορικές και μνημειακές κατασκευές υπέστησαν τις σοβαρότερες βλάβες, ενώ τα παραδοσιακά κτίρια με διπλό δομικό σύστημα ανάληψης φορτίων συμπεριφέρθηκαν ικανοποιητικά. Τα κτίρια με οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα επηρεάστηκαν όχι τόσο από το σεισμό αλλά από τις δευτερογενείς επιπτώσεις του στο περιβάλλον.On Tuesday, November 17, 2015 at 07:10:07 (UTC) a strong earthquake struck Lefkas Island (Ionian Sea, Western Greece) with magnitude Mw 6.4, depth of about 7 km and epicenter located 20 km southwest of Lefkas town. The seismic activity in the region was essentially expected after the 2003 Lefkas earthquake and the 2014 Cephalonia earthquakes. Between these earthquake affected areas, the tectonic stresses were not released after the 1948 Lefkas earthquakes. Instead, they were intensifying and accumulating until the generation of the 2015 event. It was felt in Lefkas and the surrounding region and caused the death of 2 people, the injury of 8 others, earthquake environmental effects (EEE) and damage to buildings and infrastructure. Secondary EEE were observed in western Lefkas and included ground cracks, slope movements and liquefaction. Primary effects were not detected in the field. Buildings damage were mainly observed in villages of Dragano-Athani graben in southwestern Lefkas. Among structures constructed with no seismic provisions, the stone masonry buildings and monumental structures suffered most damage, while the traditional buildings with dual structural system performed relatively well. Reinforced-concrete buildings were affected not so much by the earthquake itself but by the generation of secondary effects

    IRON-OXIDE MINERALIZATION OF SESI, KOROPI (S. HYMITTOS, GREECE): MINERALIZATION WITHIN A DETACHMENT ZONE

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    Μικρές εμφανίσεις μεταλλοφορίας οξειδίων του σιδήρου στην περιοχή Σέσι, Κορωπί, Ν. Υμηττός, αναπτύσσονται κατά μήκος μιας κατακλαστικής ζώνης αποκόλλησης ανάμεσα σε ανθρακικούς σχηματισμούς των ενοτήτων "Υμηττού"  αι "Βάρης-Κύρου Πύρα". Ένα 2026 άλλο μικρής κλίσης ρήγμα, φέρνει σε επαφή του σχιστολίθους της υπερκείμενης ενότητας "Λαυρίου" που περιλαμβάνουν τεμάχη από μετα-βασικά πετρώματα και σερπεντινίτες. Η όλη δομή κόβεται από μεγάλης κλίσης κανονικά ρήγματα, που ριζώνουν στην κατακλαστική ζώνη αποκόλλησης, συντελώντας στην τεκτονική εκλέπτυνση της ενότητας "Υμηττού", με αποτέλεσμα σε αρκετές περιπτώσεις να έρχονται σε επαφή οι μετα- οφιολιθικές λιθολογίες με τα ανθρακικά της ενότητας "Βάρης-Κύρου Πύρα". Η εμφάνιση του σιδηρομεταλλεύματος εντοπίστηκε μέσα σε τρείς μικρές διερευνητικές στοές εξόρυξης όπου υπάρχουν ενδείξεις για περιορισμένη εξόρυξη στο πρόσφατο παρελθόν. Η μεταλλοφορία αναπτύσσεται στην κατακλαστική ζώνη του ρήγματος αποκόλλησης, έχει πάχος λίγων μέτρων (3-5μ), και σχηματίζει λεπτούς μαύρους φλοιούς και ζώνες εξαλλοίωσης με χαρακτηριστική καφέ-κόκκινη έως κίτρινη απόχρωση. Η ορυκτολογική μελέτη της μεταλλοφορίας του σιδηρομεταλλεύματος έδειξε ότι αποτελείται από αιματίτη (πρωτογενής μεταλλοφορία) και γκαιτίτη (δευτερογενής μεταλλοφορία από αντικατάσταση). Μελέτη των μικροδομών του γκαιτίτη έδειξε ότι παρουσιάζει τυπική μορφολογία κολλοειδούς μορφής, που είναι χαρακτηριστική πλήρωσης κοιλοτήτων του ανθρακικού πετρώματος (ξενιστής). Σύμφωνα με τις παρατηρήσεις υπαίθρου και την τεκτονική μακροδομή της ευρύτερης περιοχής, η ανάπτυξη της σιδηρούχου μεταλλοφορίας συνδέεται με κυκλοφορία υδροθερμικού ρευστού κατά μήκος της κατακλαστικής ζώνης αποκόλλησης. Η σιδηρούχος εξαλλοίωση των ανθρακικών σχηματισμών είναι έντονη σε συγκεκριμένες ζώνες κατάκλασης κατά μήκος τέτοιου τύπου μικρής κλίσης κατακλαστικών ζωνών αποκόλλησης σε όλη την κεντρική και ΝΑ Αττική, από τον Β. Υμηττό μέχρι το Λαύριο. Αυτό υποδηλώνει ότι αυτού του τύπου η μεταλλοφορία δεν παρατηρείται μόνο τοπικά, αλλά έχει μια ευρύτερη ανάπτυξη και επομένως σημασία για την τεκτονική εξέλιξη της NA Αττικής.Small occurrences of iron-oxide deposits at Sesi-Koropi in S. Hymittos, are hosted by an extensional brittle detachment zone between carbonate rocks of "Vari-Kirou Pira" and "Hymittos" units. Another low-angle fault separates a heterogeneous formation of schists, containing meta-ophiolitic blocks ("Lavrion" Unit), which is cut by high-angle normal faults that root in the detachment zone, reducing the total structural thickness of "Hymittos" marbles and bringing in contact the meta-ophiolitc lithologies with the "Vari-Kirou Pira" dolomites. Three mine caves were found along the detachment zone indicating that these iron deposits were possibly mined on a very small scale in the past. The mineralization is developed in a cataclastic zone a few meters thick (3-5m), forming thin rusty black encrustations and larger zones of alteration with a reddish to yellow brown hue. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) mineralogical study of the iron-ore deposit indicated that hematite is the primary iron-oxide mineral extensively replaced by goethite. Goethite appears with the typical colloidal form within voids showing typical open-space filling type microstructures. According to field evidence and the tectonic macro-structure of the area, the mineralization is associated with hydrothermal fluid circulation along the brittle detachment zone between meta-ophiolitic lithologies and carbonate rocks. Similar type iron-oxides mineralization in cataclastic zones were observed along other detachment zones in northern and southeastern Hymittos Mt. and further south towards Lavrion. This suggests that this type of mineralization is not local but has a broader development and regional implications for the tectonic evolution of the central and SE Attic

    THE PRESENCE OF VARI - KIROU PIRA UNIT AT PANION HILL (SE ATTICA, GREECE)

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    Detailed mapping in the area of Panion Hill (SE Attica, Greece), revealed the existence of three metamorphosed lithological units which are separated by major tectonic contacts. The lower unit is located at the western part of Panion Hill and comprises marble - schist alternations that pass transitionally to massive dolomitic marbles of probable Thassic age. The intermediate unit comprises exclusively massive to thick bedded marbles that occupy the central and eastern part of the hill. The upper unit can be observed mainly at the foothills of Panion and comprises HP/LT schists, exhibiting greenschsist fades retrograde metamorphism. The contact between the lower and the intermediate unit is a low-angle normal fault, dipping to the east-southeast whereas the upper unit, in most cases is juxtaposed against the intermediate and lower units by high angle normal faults. These contacts accommodated the exhumation of the lowermost metamorphic formations of Attica at least in the last stages. The overall structure resembles that of Mt. Hymittos (east of Athens), where the Vari Schists and Dolomitic Marble formations (Vari - Kirou Pira Unit, VKPU) underlie tectonically the Lower Marble, Kesariani Schists and Upper Marble formations (Hymittos Unit, HU) Based on lithological and structural similarities the lower unit of Panion Hill is considered to be part of the Vari - Kirou Pira Unit and the intermediate unit part of the Hymittos Unit, respectively. The upper unit of Panion Hill belongs to the allochthonous Lavrion Unit. The existence of a major tectonic contact separating formations of VKPU and HU in several outcrops in SE Attica signifies that it is of no local character. Furthermore, it supports the suggestion of dividing the relatively autochthonous unit of Attica into two distinct units: the upper Hymittos Unit and the lower Vari - Kirou Pira Unit, the latter standing for the actual autochthonous unit of SE Attica

    Remarks by Sotirios-Ioannis Lekkas

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    On February 9, 2022, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) rendered its judgment on the reparations phase of the Armed Activities (DRC v. Uganda) case which related to the Democratic Republic of Congo's (DRC) claims against Uganda arising from the Second Congo War.1 The judgment concluded a case which had all the hallmarks of a landmark: an exceptionally large-scale, protracted, and complex armed conflict, a key actor as the respondent, and virtually unfettered material jurisdiction of the Court. As a reminder, in 1999, the Court was seised with DRC's claims against Uganda arising from the (then ongoing) Second Congo War. Similar claims against Rwanda and Burundi failed before reaching the merits stage. In 2005, the Court rendered its judgment on the merits declaring Uganda responsible for violating the principle of non-use of force and non-intervention by the acts of its own forces and by supporting armed groups in the DRC.2 The Court also found Uganda responsible for breaches of international humanitarian law and international human rights law, and for plundering DRC's natural resources.3 The Court concluded that Uganda had to make reparation to the DRC for the injury caused by its internationally wrongful acts and enjoined the parties to enter into negotiations for that purpose.4 After almost ten years of sporadic and fruitless discussions, in 2015, the DRC brought the case back to the Court for conclusive resolution

    5 - Uses of the work of International Law Commission on state responsibility in international investment arbitration

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    The Articles on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts (‘ARSIWA’) constitute an experiment in international law-making. Unlike other successful projects of the International Law Commission (‘ILC’), such as its work on the law of treaties and diplomatic and consular relations, the ARSIWA have not yet led to the adoption of a multilateral treaty. Yet, their text is cited commonly as the authoritative statement of the law on state responsibility with investment tribunals being by far their most frequent users. This well-recorded paradox calls for a reflection on the ways in which investment tribunals make use of the ARSIWA. This chapter examines the methods which investment tribunals explicitly or implicitly employ when using the ARSIWA in order to determine the content of rules of general international law on state responsibility. The chapter then proceeds to critically assess these findings from two perspectives: the overarching aims of the law of state responsibility and the doctrine of sources of international law. The chapter synthesises these empirical and doctrinal insights into a proposal for a common framework for the use of ARSIWA
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