Games of Incomplete Information and Myopic Equilibria

A new concept of an equilibrium in games is introduced that solves an open question posed by A. Neyman

Integrating students′ reflection-in-learning and examination performance as a method for providing educational feedback

Background: Feedback provided by integrating students′ examination performance and the reflection on learning process may assist medical students to identify the essential learning processes required for better understanding of learning material. Aims: To investigate the relationship between the student′s learning process and examination performance and to explore students′ perspectives on professional feedback given by integrating the self-reflection on learning process and individual examination performance. Settings and Design: At the end of every medical school block examination, faculty provided descriptive feedback to students regarding individual performance in each subject area. The study had a quasi-experimental design. Materials and Methods: Students′ (n=153) self-reflection on learning process was collected using a reflection-in-learning scale. The learning process of the students categorized in fail, pass and first-class categories were compared. Students′ self-reflection-in-learning and common mistakes found in answering essay questions were used to offer feedback. Students′ perspectives regarding feedback were collected using a validated questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyze the data. A P<0.017 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The median score of each item related to reflection was ≤4 (Scale 1-7) in all categories of students (n=153) reflecting a low level of reflection. There was a statistically significant difference in total reflection scores between fail (n=46) and first class category (n=42) students (P=0.002). The majority of students agreed feedback assisted in examination preparation, enhanced individual learning and allowed examinations to be viewed as more objective. Conclusions: This study shows the usefulness of the integration of medical students′ reflection-in-learning practices and examination performance in providing descriptive feedback. This modified feedback process may have improved students′ awareness leading to acceptance and a conscious practice of self-reflection and enhanced students′ examination performance

Developmental Pattern of Hepatic Drug‑Metabolizing Enzymes in Pediatric Population and its Role in Optimal Drug Treatment

Pediatric pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) differ from adults in multiple aspects. The extrapolation of PK/PD data from adults to children is not always simple because children are not small adults. Differential development of metabolic enzymes in children affects both PK and PD of a drug. Thus, the study of the developmental patterns of drug-metabolizing enzymes is essential to establish the PK and PD profile of drugs in the pediatric population. Further, these patterns may also aid to establish models for appropriate extrapolation of adult data for any newer drugs. We conducted a literature search on PubMed Central, Medline database, and Google Scholar with relevant search terms to obtain articles for this narrative review. The research on developing pattern of drug metabolizing enzymes is still evolving. This review presents an overview of the existing literature on developmental patterns of key metabolic enzymes in children. Greater emphasis needs to be given to study developmental pattern of metabolic enzymes as it not only helps drug development but also to optimize drug therapy in children

Short-term outcomes of a program developed to inculcate research essentials in undergraduate medical students

Background: Participation in research during undergraduate studies may increase students′ interest in research and inculcate research essentials in them. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the mentored student project (MSP) program. Settings and Design: In the MSP program, students in groups (n = 3 to 5) undertook a research project, wrote a scholarly report, and presented the work as a poster presentation with the help of a faculty mentor. To begin with, the logic model of the program was developed to identify short-term outcomes of the program on students, mentors, and the institution. A quasi-experimental design was used to measure the outcomes. Materials and Methods: A mixed method evaluation was done using a newly-developed questionnaire to assess the impact of the MSP on students′ attitude, a multiple-choice question (MCQs) test to find out the impact on students′ knowledge and grading of students′ project reports and posters along with a survey to check the impact on skills. Students′ satisfaction regarding the program and mentors′ perceptions were collected using questionnaires. Evidence for validity was collected for all the instruments used for the evaluation. Statistical Analysis: Non-parametric tests were used to analyze data. Based on the scores, project reports and posters were graded into A (>70% marks), B (60-69% marks), and C (<59% marks) categories. The number of MSPs that resulted in publications, conference presentation and departmental collaborations were taken as impact on the institution. Results: Students′ response rate was 91.5%. The students′ attitudes regarding research changed positively (P = 0.036) and score in the MCQ test improved (P < 0.001) after undertaking MSP. Majority of project reports and posters were of grade A category. The majority of the items related to skills gained and satisfaction had a median score of 4. The MSPs resulted in inter-departmental and inter-institutional collaborations, 14 publications and 15 conference presentations. An area for improvement noted was to have the MSP implemented in the curriculum without increasing students′ overall workload and stress. Conclusion: The study identified strengths and weaknesses of the MSP program. Our model of undergraduate research project may be incorporated in undergraduate medical programs to foster positive attitude and knowledge base about scientific research and to instil research skills among students