9,812 research outputs found
Transfer of Metacognitive Skills and Hint Seeking in Monkeys
Metacognition is knowledge that can be expressed as confidence judgments about what we know (monitoring) and by strategies for learning what we donβt know (control). Although a substantial literature exists on cognitive processes in animals, little is known about their metacognitive abilities. Here we show that rhesus macaques, trained previously to make retrospective confidence judgments about their performance on perceptual tasks, transferred that ability immediately to a new perceptual task and to a working memory task. In a second experiment we show that monkeys can also learn to request βhintsβ when they are given problems that they would otherwise have to solve by trial and error. This shows, for the first time, that non-human primates share with humans the ability to monitor and transfer their metacognitive ability both within and between different cognitive tasks, and to seek new knowledge on a need to know basis.
Thermopower of gapped bilayer graphene
We calculate thermopower of clean and impure bilayer graphene systems.
Opening a band gap through the application of an external electric field is
shown to greatly enhance the thermopower of bilayer graphene, which is more
than four times that of the monolayer graphene and gapless bilayer graphene at
room temperature. The effect of scattering by dilute charged impurities is
discussed in terms of the self-consistent Born approximation. Temperature
dependence of the thermopower is also analyzed.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures; An inconsistency in the definitions of Eq.(17)
and (18) in version 1 is found and correcte
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Acceptance and commitment therapy as an adjunct to the MOVE! programme: a randomized controlled trial.
ObjectiveThe current study tested the efficacy of an acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) group intervention for disinhibited eating behaviour as an adjunct to the Veterans Affairs MOVE!Β© weight management programme.MethodsVeterans (N = 88) with overweight or obesity who completed the MOVE! weight management programme and self-identified as having problems with 'stress-related eating' were randomized to four 2-h weekly ACT sessions or a continued behavioural weight-loss (BWL) intervention. Assessments were completed at baseline, post-treatment and 3- and 6-month follow-up on outcomes of interest including measures of disinhibited eating patterns, obesity-related quality of life, weight-related experiential avoidance and weight.ResultsThe BWL group exhibited significantly greater reductions in binge eating behaviour at post-treatment compared with the ACT group. Significant improvements in other outcomes were found with minimal differences between groups. In both groups, decreases in weight-related experiential avoidance were related to improvements in binge eating behaviour.ConclusionsTaken together, the continued BWL intervention resulted in larger improvements in binge eating behaviour than the ACT intervention. The two groups showed similar improvements in other disinhibited eating outcomes. Future studies are encouraged to determine if more integrated or longer duration of ACT treatment may maximize eating outcomes in MOVE.Trial Registration Number: This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov database (NCT01757847)
Π Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π£ΡΠ°Π»Π°
One of the most challenging requirements for the next generation EUV lithography is an extremely low amount of critically sized defects on mask blanks. Fast and reliable inspection of mask blanks is still a challenge. Here we present the current status of the development of our actinic Schwarzschild objective based microscope operating in dark field with EUV discharge produced plasma source. For characterization of the microscope performance, several programmed defect structures - artificial pits and bumps were created on top of multilayer mirror (ML) surfaces and investigated both with EUV microscope and atomic force microscope (AFM). Defect size sensitivity of actinic inspection in dark field mode without resolving the defects is under study. The dependency between defect shape, size and position in relation to the ML surface and its scattering signal will be discussed. Furthermore, first results of a defect mapping algorithm are presented
Mid-Infrared Ethane Emission on Neptune and Uranus
We report 8- to 13-micron spectral observations of Neptune and Uranus from
the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility spanning more than a decade. The
spectroscopic data indicate a steady increase in Neptune's mean atmospheric
12-micron ethane emission from 1985 to 2003, followed by a slight decrease in
2004. The simplest explanation for the intensity variation is an increase in
stratospheric effective temperature from 155 +/- 3 K in 1985 to 176 +/- 3 K in
2003 (an average rate of 1.2 K/year), and subsequent decrease to 165 +/- 3 K in
2004. We also detected variation of the overall spectral structure of the
ethane band, specifically an apparent absorption structure in the central
portion of the band; this structure arises from coarse spectral sampling
coupled with a non-uniform response function within the detector elements. We
also report a probable direct detection of ethane emission on Uranus. The
deduced peak mole fraction is approximately an order of magnitude higher than
previous upper limits for Uranus. The model fit suggests an effective
temperature of 114 +/- 3 K for the globally-averaged stratosphere of Uranus,
which is consistent with recent measurements indicative of seasonal variation.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 16 pages, 10 figures, 2 table
Development of Large area Gamma-ray Camera with GSO(Ce) Scintillator Arrays and PSPMTs
We have developed a position-sensitive scintillation camera with a large area
absorber for use as an advanced Compton gamma-ray camera. At first we tested
GSO(Ce) crystals. We compared light output from the GSO(Ce) crystals under
various conditions: the method of surface polishing, the concentration of Ce,
and co-doping Zr. As a result, we chose the GSO(Ce) crystals doped with only
0.5 mol% Ce, and its surface polished by chemical etching as the scintillator
of our camera. We also made a 1616 cm scintillation camera which
consisted of 9 position-sensitive PMTs (PSPMTs Hamamatsu flat-panel H8500), the
each of which had 88 anodes with a pitch of 6 mm and coupled to
88 arrays of pixelated 613 mm GSO(Ce) scintillators.
For the readout system of the 576 anodes of the PMTs, we used chained resistors
to reduce the number of readout channels down to 48 to reduce power
consumption. The camera has a position resolution of less than 6mm and a
typical energy resolution of 10.5% (FWHM) at 662 keV at each pixel in a large
area of 1616 cm. %to choose the best scintillator for our project.
Furthermore we constructed a 1616 array of 313 mm
pixelated GSO(Ce) scintillators, and glued it to a PMT H8500. This camera had
the position resolution of less than 3mm, over an area of 55 cm,
except for some of the edge pixels; the energy resolution was typically 13%
(FWHM) at 662 keV.Comment: Proceedings of PSD7 appear in NIM
Addressing barriers to inter-sectoral collaboration between health, education and welfare sectors in adolescent sexual and reproductive health service delivery in the Solomon Islands (peer reviewed)
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