2,248 research outputs found
How important is the name in predicting false recognition for lookalike brands?
An underexploited role for psychology in trademark law is the testing of explicit or implicit judicial assumptions about consumer behavior. In this article we examine an assumption that is common across Commonwealth countries, namely, that similar packaging is unlikely to cause consumer confusion provided the brand names are dissimilar. We began by selecting branded products commonly found in supermarkets. For each existing brand we created 2 novel (fictitious) brands with highly similar packaging to the existing brand. One of these "lookalike" products had a similar name, the other a dissimilar name. Across 2 yes/no and 1 forced-choice experiments using photographs of the real and fictitious products we looked at false recognition rates. Contrary to the judicial assumption participants largely ignored the brand names when making their decisions based on memory. It was only when the pictures of the products were placed side-by-side (in the forced-choice task) that they paid the brand name any significant attention
How important is the name in predicting false recognition for lookalike brands?
An underexploited role for psychology in trademark law is the testing of explicit or implicit judicial assumptions about consumer behavior. In this article we examine an assumption that is common across Commonwealth countries, namely, that similar packaging is unlikely to cause consumer confusion provided the brand names are dissimilar. We began by selecting branded products commonly found in supermarkets. For each existing brand we created 2 novel (fictitious) brands with highly similar packaging to the existing brand. One of these "lookalike" products had a similar name, the other a dissimilar name. Across 2 yes/no and 1 forced-choice experiments using photographs of the real and fictitious products we looked at false recognition rates. Contrary to the judicial assumption participants largely ignored the brand names when making their decisions based on memory. It was only when the pictures of the products were placed side-by-side (in the forced-choice task) that they paid the brand name any significant attention
Axisymmetric equilibria of a gravitating plasma with incompressible flows
It is found that the ideal magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium of an axisymmetric
gravitating magnetically confined plasma with incompressible flows is governed
by a second-order elliptic differential equation for the poloidal magnetic flux
function containing five flux functions coupled with a Poisson equation for the
gravitation potential, and an algebraic relation for the pressure. This set of
equations is amenable to analytic solutions. As an application, the
magnetic-dipole static axisymmetric equilibria with vanishing poloidal plasma
currents derived recently by Krasheninnikov, Catto, and Hazeltine [Phys. Rev.
Lett. {\bf 82}, 2689 (1999)] are extended to plasmas with finite poloidal
currents, subject to gravitating forces from a massive body (a star or black
hole) and inertial forces due to incompressible sheared flows. Explicit
solutions are obtained in two regimes: (a) in the low-energy regime
, where
, , , and are related to the thermal,
poloidal-current, flow and gravitating energies normalized to the
poloidal-magnetic-field energy, respectively, and (b) in the high-energy regime
. It turns out
that in the high-energy regime all four forces, pressure-gradient,
toroidal-magnetic-field, inertial, and gravitating contribute equally to the
formation of magnetic surfaces very extended and localized about the symmetry
plane such that the resulting equilibria resemble the accretion disks in
astrophysics.Comment: 12 pages, latex, to be published in Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid
Dynamic
Characterization of density fluctuations during ELMs in the DIII-D tokamak
Bursts of turbulence associated with ELMs have been studied systematically in DIII-D with a multichannel phase contrast imaging (PCI) diagnostic, which is sensitive to the long poloidal wavelength components of the density fluctuations in the outer edge of the tokamak. A comparison of the temporal dynamics of the turbulence with the signature D-alpha signal from the divertor has revealed systematic differences between type I and type III ELMs: even though precursor fluctuations are sometimes seen before type I ELMs, the PCI signal level remains high until the peak in the D-alpha signal: by contrast, in type III ELMs the fluctuation burst precedes the D-alpha peak by 0.4-0.6 ms. Type I ELMs can generate 'echoes', i.e. secondary bursts. in the scrape-off layer, Coherent modes are observed during type III ELMs only. The radial and temporal correlation structures and the spectral properties of the turbulence during the transient ELM phase have been reconstructed by averaging over multiple ELMs. in order to improve the statistical accuracy. ELM turbulence is found to share many properties with L mode turbulence, including the main qualitative features of radial wavenumber and frequency spectra and radial dispersion relations. However, features unique to ELM turbulence are also identified
Decorrelation of edge plasma turbulence at the transition from low- to high-confinement mode in the DIII-D Tokamak
The modification of turbulence in the edge plasma of the DIII-D tokamak at the transition from the low to the high mode of confinement is investigated with a phase-contrast imaging diagnostic. The amplitude and radial correlation length of the turbulence in the confinement region decrease at the transition, whereas the decorrelation time increases. The transition model of Biglari, Diamond, and Teny [Phys. Fluids B 2 (1990) 1], based on turbulence decorrelation by E x B velocity shear, is quantitatively substantiated by measurements of the theoretical control parameter. Further quantitative predictions of the theory are tested for the first time. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V
Signature of turbulent zonal flows observed in the DIII-D tokamak
The spectrum of turbulent density fluctuations at long poloidal wavelengths in the edge plasma of the DIII-D tokamak peaks at nonzero radial wave number. The associated electric-potential fluctuations cause shearedẼ 3 B flows primarily in the poloidal direction. These zonal flows have been predicted by theory and are believed to regulate the overall level of turbulence and anomalous transport. This study provides the first indirect experimental identification of zonal flows
Condensation of microturbulence-generated shear flows into global modes
In full flux-surface computer studies of tokamak edge turbulence, a spectrum
of shear flows is found to control the turbulence level and not just the
conventional (0,0)-mode flows. Flux tube domains too small for the large
poloidal scale lengths of the continuous spectrum tend to overestimate the
flows, and thus underestimate the transport. It is shown analytically and
numerically that under certain conditions dominant (0,0)-mode flows independent
of the domain size develop, essentially through Bose-Einstein condensation of
the shear flows.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
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