The Youth Transitions Study: Final Report - Summary of Key Findings

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Medical Students\u27 Knowledge of Midwifery Practice After Didactic and Clinical Exposure

Information concerning the student outcomes of interdisciplinary education is limited. The purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge of third‐year medical students regarding the practice of certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs). A 1‐page survey instrument was developed and pretested. The instrument was administered as a pre‐ and posttest at the beginning and end of 7 Obstetrics and Gynecology rotations at 2 medical school clinical campuses of a large Midwestern medical school. Direct interaction with CNMs improved knowledge of collaborative practice arrangements and roles. This was particularly evident in knowledge areas related to CNM prescriptive authority. The medical students who had direct experience with CNMs expressed more interest in working with them in the future than those who lacked the exposure. Collaborative, interdisciplinary education of medical students appeared to promote improved understanding of roles and capabilities

The effects of various combinations of form-focused instruction techniques on the acquisition of English articles by second language learners of English

Although English articles (the/a(n)) are two of the most frequently occurring words in the language, second language (L2) learners of English tend to exhibit extraordinary difficulty acquiring them. Uniquely resistant to instruction and often overlooked due to a lack of inherent meaning, articles are a suitable linguistic target for form-focused instruction (FFI), an approach that has demonstrated its efficacy over decades of research, across multiple domains of instructed L2 acquisition. With the aim of integrating attention to form into communicative L2 instruction, FFI encompasses numerous instructional techniques that promote various types of linguistic processing that contribute to L2 learning. The current study in particular focuses on three proactive FFI techniques—input enhancement, metalinguistic explanations, and practice—that sequentially facilitate noticing, awareness, and practice, respectively (Lyster, 2007, 2017; Ranta & Lyster, 2018). Targeting English articles, an experimental study was conducted to measure the differential effects of various combinations of the three FFI techniques, in order to examine the benefits attributable to each technique and its corresponding linguistic processing. Forty-six L2 learners of English were randomly assigned to four conditions: input enhancement only (n = 12); input enhancement and metalinguistic explanations (n = 11); input enhancement, metalinguistic explanations, and practice (n = 11); and a control condition (n = 12). The L2 learners each completed six hours of online English lessons. The three treatment groups received instruction on English articles according to their respective condition, while the control group received general instruction with no focus on articles. The participants’ knowledge of English articles was measured by four tasks (i.e., grammaticality judgment task, metalinguistic knowledge task, elicited imitation task, and picture-description task) in a pretest, an immediate posttest, and a delayed posttest. Results showed that the group that received input enhancement and metalinguistic explanations exhibited clear and durable gains in the metalinguistic knowledge task after the lessons. Furthermore, a subset of participants who benefitted the most from the instructional treatment revealed two factors in common, which were their article-less native languages and a high level of participation during the lessons. Based on these results, the present study contributes meaningfully to the current understanding of FFI and the L2 acquisition of English articles. In addition, it seeks to bring L2 research and L2 pedagogy one step closer together by offering evidence-based insights that further inform instructed L2 acquisition

Multi-level climate policies in Ireland

Global greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise even though there are binding international agreements and national commitments for emission reductions. While some states and local governments around the world are taking action to reduce emissions and adapt to the inevitable climate change impacts, overall collective goals are not being realised and this implementation gap may be due to multi-level governance failures. To date there has been limited research of Irish climate measures with a significant gap at the subnational level. This research explores whether city and county councils are the lowest, most effective, level for climate change actions in Ireland through a nationwide survey and a review of all relevant government policies at local, regional and national levels. This research reveals that the local climate measures are isolated best practice examples rather than being widespread throughout the country. This study concludes that there is limited vertical integration among Irish government levels as evidenced by three things: survey responses from local authority staff members, limited incorporation of higher-level objectives into local policy documents, and limited details in national level policies as to local level implementation. Similar to municipalities in other countries, Irish local authorities face challenges which are hindering their advancement of climate measures. If the higher-level collective goals are to be achieved in Ireland, the national government will need to drive forward the climate change agenda with formalised commitments and mandatory local implementation

Thermal Regulation and the Star-forming Main Sequence

We argue that the interplay between cosmic rays, the initial mass function (IMF), and star formation plays a crucial role in regulating the star-forming "main sequence." To explore these phenomena we develop a toy model for galaxy evolution in which star formation is regulated by a combination of a temperature-dependent IMF and heating due to starlight, cosmic rays, and (at very high redshift) the cosmic microwave background. This produces an attractor, near-equilibrium solution which is consistent with observations of the star-forming main sequence over a broad redshift range. Additional solutions to the same equations may correspond to other observed phases of galaxy evolution, including quiescent galaxies. This model makes several falsifiable predictions, including higher metallicities and dust masses than anticipated at high redshift and isotopic abundances in the Milky Way. It also predicts that stellar mass-to-light ratios are lower than produced using a Milky Way–derived IMF, such that inferences of stellar masses and star formation rates for high redshift galaxies are overestimated. In some cases, this may also transform inferred dark matter profiles from core-like to cusp-like

Co- variation in soil biodiversity and biogeochemistry in northern and southern Victoria Land, Antarctica

Data from six sites in Victoria Land (72–77°S) investigating co-variation in soil communities (microbial and invertebrate) with biogeochemical properties showthe influence of soil properties on habitat suitability varied among local landscapes as well as across climate gradients. Species richness of metazoan invertebrates (Nematoda, Tardigrada and Rotifera) was similar to previous descriptions in this region, though identification of three cryptic nematode species of Eudorylaimus through DNA analysis contributed to the understanding of controls over habitat preferences for individual species. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis profiles revealed unexpectedly high diversity of bacteria. Distribution of distinct bacterial communities was associated with specific sites in northern and southern Victoria Land, as was the distribution of nematode and tardigrade species. Variation in soil metazoan communities was related to differences in soil organic matter, while bacterial diversity and community structure were not strongly correlated with any single soil property. There were no apparent correlations between metazoan and bacterial diversity, suggesting that controls over distribution and habitat suitability are different for bacterial and metazoan communities. Our results imply that top-down controls over bacterial diversity mediated by their metazoan consumers are not significant determinants of bacterial community structure and biomass in these ecosystems

Genetic variation in resistance and high fecundity impede viral biocontrol of invasive fish

Common carp Cyprinus carpio is one of the top global invasive vertebrates and can cause significant ecological damage. The Australian Government's National Carp Control Program (NCCP) proposes to release Koi herpesvirus (KHV) to eradicate feral carp in one of the largest ecological interventions ever attempted. Ecological and human health risks have been highlighted regarding the release of a highly pathogenic viral biocontrol for an aquatic species. The efficacy of KHV has also been questioned, and it has not been demonstrated to produce lasting population reductions. We developed an individual-based model (IBM) to examine the ecological and evolutionary response of a carp population after KHV release. This simulated the interaction between fish life history, viral epidemiology, host genetic resistance and population demography to critically evaluate the impact of KHV release under optimal conditions and a ‘best-case scenario’ for disease transmission. KHV will rarely result in prolonged reductions or population extinctions. Crucially, realistic scenarios result in a rapidly rebounding population of resistant individuals. Additional measures aimed to reduce carp population recovery rate (e.g. with genetic engineering) require rapid efficacy to significantly reduce carp numbers alongside KHV. Fish fecundity has an overwhelming influence on viral efficacy as a biocontrol agent when combined with genetic resistance within a population. A high probability of population extinction is only met when carp fecundity is reduced to 1% of biological observations. Synthesis and applications. We use an individual-based model to evaluate the efficacy of Koi herpesvirus biocontrol in Common Carp, and find that high host fecundity combined with genetic resistance results in rapid population rebound after initial large fish kills. Biocontrol approaches relying on natural selection lose efficacy over successive generations as resistance genes increase in frequency. Given the intense logistical effort and risks to ecosystems and human health associated with large fish kills after viral release, we suggest that sustained manual removal, alongside ecological restoration to favour recovery of native species, provides a risk-free approach to reducing populations