Analysis of Spatial Data of Diphtheria Disease in East Java Province During the Year 2010 and 2011

Background: Eradication of infectious diseases required information based on location which called geographic information system to make decision. One of re emerging disease was diphtheria. Diphtheria in East Java increased and became the biggest case. In 2010 were 73% and in 2011 became the first case in the world within 664 cases with CFR 2,6%. Objective: this study did to analyze diphtheria by spatial data which correlated with the risk factors in East Java in 2010–2011. Design of this research was un-obstrusive with secondary data from BPS statistic and health office of East Java. Population was thirteen eight Districs in East Java and it was taken for sample. Spasial data was analyzed by overlying between dependent variable and risk factors. Result of this study diphtheria tends increase in 2010–2011. There is domination of case in horseshoe region include Surabaya, Malang, Madura and the surrounding area. Result:result of overlay between diphtheria with risk factors show population density, sex, education, expendicture per capita, and the healthy house not always become the risk factors of diphtheria. DPT3 and DT immunization shows there is correlation between diphtheria and statistically have moderate power (r = 0,424 and r = 0,348). Conclusion: The factors immununization DPT3 and DT was support to became diptheria. Recommendation: The spatial data analysis for each sub-region shall be held due to special characteristics of subregion

Analysis of Spatial Data of Diphtheria Disease in East Java Province During the Year 2010 and 2011

Background: Eradication of infectious diseases required information based on location which called geographic information system to make decision. One of re emerging disease was diphtheria. Diphtheria in East Java increased and became the biggest case. In 2010 were 73% and in 2011 became the first case in the world within 664 cases with CFR 2,6%. Objective: this study did to analyze diphtheria by spatial data which correlated with the risk factors in East Java in 2010–2011. Design of this research was un-obstrusive with secondary data from BPS statistic and health office of East Java. Population was thirteen eight Districs in East Java and it was taken for sample. Spasial data was analyzed by overlying between dependent variable and risk factors. Result of this study diphtheria tends increase in 2010–2011. There is domination of case in horseshoe region include Surabaya, Malang, Madura and the surrounding area. Result:result of overlay between diphtheria with risk factors show population density, sex, education, expendicture per capita, and the healthy house not always become the risk factors of diphtheria. DPT3 and DT immunization shows there is correlation between diphtheria and statistically have moderate power (r = 0,424 and r = 0,348). Conclusion: The factors immununization DPT3 and DT was support to became diptheria. Recommendation: The spatial data analysis for each sub-region shall be held due to special characteristics of subregion

The Association between Frequency of Antenatal Care Visit and Anemia in Pregnant Women in Pegadungan IV Community Health Center, West Jakarta

Background: According to the Ministry of Family Health, as many as 40% of maternal deaths are caused by bleeding. The risk of bleeding will be greater if pregnant women experience anemia. Basic Health Research in 2013 showed that the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women was 37.1%. The number of pregnant women with anemia at Pegadungan IV community health center, Kalideres, West Jakarta in 2016 was 57.3%.The magnitude of this number may influence by maternal Antenatal Care (ANC) visit during pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the frequency of ANC visits and anemia in pregnant women. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study. The study was conducted at Pegadungan community health center, West Jakarta. A sample of 90 pregnant women in third semester was selected for this study. The dependent was anemia. The independent variables were antenatal care visit. The confounding factor included age, parity, education, employment status, and family income. The data were collected by questionnaire and maternal and child book monitor. The data were analyzed by a logistic regression. Results: After controlling for the confounding factors, the risk of anemia in pregnant women increased with ANC visit <4 times (OR= 1.97; 95% CI= 1.34 to 2.89; p= 0.001). Conclusion: After controlling for the confounding factors, the risk of anemia in pregnant women increases with ANC visit <4 times. Keywords: anemia, antenatal care visit, pregnant wome

Unaccompanied & Denied: Regional Legal Framework for Unaccompanied Minors Asylum Seekers (UMAS)

Unaccompanied minor asylum seekers are vulnerable and thus, provided special International law protections. However, in reality, they are being mistreated as illegal immigrants and on thereceiving end of ethnic violence, discrimination, restrictions in enjoyment of their rights duly recognised by International human rights law. This article identifies legislative, policy and supportmechanisms which encompass the minimum UMAS guardianship standards at International law and which are evidence-based from best practice models for the provision of guardians for UMASinternationally. It presents situation of UMAS in relation to human rights violations with emphasis on the legal framework and practices in Australia and five ASEAN State Members. This article also highlights the various stands taken by various countries providing better legal framework and practices regarding the terms for protection and enforcement of human rights for UMAS. Finally, this article provides recommendations for Australia and ASEAN Member States to adopt in order to realise the International human rights of UMAS with respect to guardianship

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Tinta Cumi (Squid Ink) Terhadap Aterosklerosis

Squid ink consists of DHI, DHICA, and 2-carboxyl indole that improve lipid profile and remove foam cells in blood vessel walls. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of squid ink on atherosclerosis-induced Wistar rats. This was an experimental study. We used randomized controlled trial with pre-post test design for lipid profile assessment and randomized post-test only control design for blood vessel evaluation (foam cells in layers of coronary artery). Samples were 27 Wistar rats, divided into three groups; all were atherosclerosis-induced with initial injection of 0.006mg iv adrenalin on day 1, followed by standard diet and egg yolk until day 30. Squid ink extract was given to group P1 and P2 on days 15-30 in different doses, but not to control group. Data were analyzed by using Saphiro-Wilk test and paired t-test. The results showed that P2 group had decreased means of total cholesterol (-33.62 mg/dl), triglyceride (-28.00 mg/dl), and LDL cholesterol (-28.16 mg/dl), but an increased mean of HDL cholesterol (11.60 mg/dl). There were decreased numbers of foam cells in the layers of coronary arteries of P1 and P2 group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Squid ink extract could lower total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol levels, and increase HDL cholesterol level. Moreover, it could remove foam cells from the layers of coronary arteries.Keywords: squid ink, atherosclerosis, lipid profile, foam cells Asbtrak: Tinta cumi memiliki kandungan DHI, DHICA, dan 2-carboxyl indole yang dapat memperbaiki profil lipid dan mengurangi sel busa pembuluh darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak tinta cumi terhadap tikus yang diinduksi aterosklerosis. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental dengan randomized controlled with pre-post test design untuk penilaian profil lipid dan post test only design untuk penilaian pembuluh darah (sel busa dalam dinding arteri koronaria). Sampel terdiri dari 27 tikus Wistar jantan, dibagi secara random menjadi tiga kelompok; kesemuanya diberi induksi aterosklerosis dengan injeksi inisial adrenalin 0,006 mg iv pada hari ke-1, dilanjutkan diet standar dan diet kuning telur sampai hari ke-30. Tikus kelompok kontrol tidak diberikan ekstrak tinta cumi; tikus kelompok perlakuan 1 dan perlakuan 2 diberikan tambahan ekstrak tinta cumi pada hari ke 16 sampai hari ke 30 dengan dosis yang berbeda. Analisis data dengan uji Saphiro-Wilk dan uji paired t-test. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan penurunan rerata setelah perlakuan pada kelompok P2 ialah kolesterol total (-33,62 mg/dl), trigliserida (-28,00 mg/dl), dan kolesterol LDL (-28,16 mg/dl), serta peningkatan rerata kolesterol HDL (11,60 mg/dl). Terdapat penurunan jumlah sel busa kelompok perlakuan P1 dan P2 dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Simpulan: Pemberian ekstrak tinta cumi menurunkan kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida dan kolesterol LDL, meningkatkan kadar kolesterol HDL, serta menurunkan jumlah sel busa dalam dinding arteri koronaria

Locally-Minimal Probabilistic Explanations

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is widely regarding as a cornerstone of trustworthy AI. Unfortunately, most work on XAI offers no guarantees of rigor. In high-stakes domains, e.g. uses of AI that impact humans, the lack of rigor of explanations can have disastrous consequences. Formal abductive explanations offer crucial guarantees of rigor and so are of interest in high-stakes uses of machine learning (ML). One drawback of abductive explanations is explanation size, justified by the cognitive limits of human decision-makers. Probabilistic abductive explanations (PAXps) address this limitation, but their theoretical and practical complexity makes their exact computation most often unrealistic. This paper proposes novel efficient algorithms for the computation of locally-minimal PXAps, which offer high-quality approximations of PXAps in practice. The experimental results demonstrate the practical efficiency of the proposed algorithms

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEPADATAN LALAT DI KANDANG TERNAK DESA SENAUNG KECAMATAN JAMBI LUAR KOTA TAHUN 2023

Abstrak Kepadatan lalat adalah suatu indikator rendahnya kondisi sanitasi, sehingga dapat menimbulkan penurunan kualitas lingkungan. Salah satu upaya untuk menjaga sanitasi lingkungan adalah dengan memperhatikan kondisi lingkungan sanitasi kandang ternak sehingga tidak menimbulkan penyakit lewat vektor atau lalat. Berdasarkan data Dinas Peternakan provinsi jambi populasi sapi 2021 meningkat sebanyak 160,261 dan menurut data BPS terdapat 46,379 kasus diare di provinsi jambi pada tahun 2020. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan sanitasi kandang ternak dan pengetahuan dengan kejadian kepadatan lalat di Desa Senaung Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota Kabupaten Muaro Jambi Tahun 2023. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik total sampling dengan&nbsp; jumlah sampel 35 keluarga yang memiliki kandang ternak. Pengolahan data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat menggunakan uji chi-square SPSS. Dari hasil analisis terdapat hubungan antara sanitasi kandang ternak (P-value=0,032), pengetahuan (P-value=0,004), dengan kepadatan lalat di Desa Senaung Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Faktor sanitasi kandang ternak dan pengetahuan sangat berhubungan dengan kepadatan lalat. Upaya untuk peningkatan sanitasi kandang ternak dan pengetahuan dalam mensosialisasikan dan mengedukasi masyarakat terkait kesehatan lingkungan, termasuk tentang sanitasi kandang agar tidak menyebabkan gangguan penyakit yang di bawa oleh lalat kepada manusia. Kata Kunci: Kepadatan lalat, Sanitasi Kandang Ternak, Pengetahuan Abstract Fly density is an indic ator of low sanitation conditions, which can lead to a decrease in environmental quality. One effort to maintain environmental sanitation is to pay attention to the sanitary conditions of livestock pens so that they do not cause disease through vectors or flies. Based on data from the Jambi Province Livestock Service, the cattle population in 2021 increased by 160,261 and according to BPS data there were 46,379 cases of diarrhea in Jambi Province in 2020. This research aims to determine the relationship between livestock pen sanitation, knowledge with the incidence of fly density in Senaung Village, Jambi Luar District. Muaro Jambi Regency City in 2023. This research is a quantitative research with a cross sectional design. Sampling used a total sampling technique with a total sample of 35 families who had livestock pens. Data processing was carried out univariately and bivariately using the SPSS chi-square test. From the results of the analysis, there is a relationship between livestock pen sanitation (P-value=0.032), knowledge (P-value=0.004), and fly density in Senaung Village, Jambi Luar Kota District, Muaro Jambi Regency.Sanitary factors in livestock pens and knowledge are closely related to fly density. Efforts to improve livestock pen sanitation and knowledge in socializing and educating the public regarding environmental health, including about pen sanitation so as not to cause disease problems carried by flies to humans. Keywords: Density of Flies, Sanitation of Livestock Pens, Knowledg

Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccine in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic have expanded to the vaccination of children and adolescents. This systematic review assesses the utility of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine in children and adolescents aged 5–18 years, considering its effectiveness against COVID infection, hospital and intensive care admission and duration of effectiveness after vaccination. Six databases were searched following the PRISMA guidelines. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using meta-analysis. Fifteen studies were included in the systematic review, while 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Evidence suggests that the two-dose vaccination regime provided high effectiveness of 92% (95% CI, 86–96) against COVID infection. Vaccination also conferred high protection against hospitalisation (91%) and intensive care admission (85%). The vaccine was highly protective against the Delta variant of the virus, but showed a lower protection against the Omicron variant. Most adverse effects were transient and mild, commonly including pain at the injection site, fatigue and headache. Current findings are suggestive of waning immunity over time; however, further research is needed to investigate the relevance of booster doses in this age group. In summary, the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine demonstrated high levels of protection against COVID-19 infection and its complications while maintaining an adequate safety profile in children and adolescents