Branding with the in-out effect: the impact of consonantal articulation on brand evaluation

Recent research has shown that mouth movements, produced even during silent reading, can affect stimulus evaluation. Words featuring systematic wanderings of consonantal stricture spots ranging from the front to the rear of the mouth (inward) are preferred to words with wanderings in the opposite direction (outward). In four experiments, the authors extended this in–out effect from a basic laboratory setting to a more ecologically relevant domain and examined the boundary conditions of possible applications to marketing. In this research, the inward/outward words presented were embedded in common brand imagery such as labels, logos, and product packages. Either with plain graphic information or with more visually informative packaging, inward names were always preferred (all p-values < 0.001). These results indicate that concurrent information that competitively feeds into the preference judgment did not have diagnostic value when compared to the articulation direction. Such prevalence of the effect even when embedded in more complex stimulus emphasizes the relevance of investigating oral kinematics effects and the need to further research other sensorimotor phenomena in consumer behavior.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

When vowels make us smile: The influence of articulatory feedback in judgments of warmth and competence

In six studies (N=725), we extended the articulatory feedback hypothesis to person perception, examining how words featuring /i:/ sounds that activate the zygomaticus major muscle and words featuring /u:/ sounds activating the orbicularis oris muscle affect preference, warmth, and competence judgments of mock-usernames. Users with usernames including /i:/, in contrast to /u:/ sounds, were always preferred and judged as warmer and more competent. The impact of this manipulation in shaping preference as well as judgments on the core dimensions of social perception confirms the stability of the vowel-emotion link and the role of articulatory feedback in social information processing.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Oral approach-avoidance: a replication and extension for European Portuguese phonation

Previous research revealed that mouth movements influence attitudes. Covert subvocal articulations inducing muscular contractions resembling ingestion movements were preferred over expectoration-like movements, unveiling a relationship between vocal muscles' wandering and motivational states such as approach and avoidance. These findings, explained in terms of embodied cognition, suggest that specific movements are directly connected to, and more importantly, automatically activate concordant motivational states. The oral approach-avoidance effect was replicated using the original stimulus set and a new set of stimulus developed for Portuguese. Results from two high-powered (total N?=?407), independent replications, revealed that the preference for inward words (over outwards) exists in both sets but to a greater extent in the pool phonetically adapted for Portuguese.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

The “ins” and “outs” of product and services marketing: The influence of consonant wanderings in consumer decision-making

The established preference for words featuring consonants ordered inward in the oral cavity—the in–out effect, may assist marketeers when naming new products and services. To investigate the conditions under which this effect may affect consumer preference we conducted four experiments (N = 818) examining the influence of consonant wanderings in the evaluation of different professionals and food products. While inward articulation direction selectively biased warmth judgments about workers who are perceived as relatively neutral on both warmth and competence, for professionals traditionally associated with either a warmth or a competence dimension inward-wandering usernames systematically presented a competitive advantage. In the same way, hypothetical food products with inward-wandering names were judged as more hedonic and more utilitarian. The present evidence supports the potential of the in–out effect to market products and services and highlights the relevance of exploiting this and other oral kinematics phenomena as an asset for managerial practice.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Food conveying masculinities: how conformity to hegemonic masculinity norms influences food consumption

This study investigated how conformity to hegemonic masculinity norms affects men’s and women’s food consumption and whether such influence was contextually modulated. A total of 519 individuals (65% women; M = 44 years old) participated in a 2 (gender salience: low vs high) × 2 (participants’ sex: male vs female) quasi-experimental between-subjects design, completing the Conformity to Masculinity Norms Inventory (Portuguese version) and reporting their past week’s food consumption. Gender salience moderated the relation between men’s conformity to masculinity norms and food consumption; sex-related differences in food consumption were partially mediated by conformity to masculinity norms. Implications for food consumption interventions are discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Under pressure: an integrative perspective of time pressure impact on consumer decision-making

Time pressure (TP) constrains consumers’ decisions: stores have fixed opening hours, promotions have deadlines, and a house for rent may not be available tomorrow. Evidence about the impact of TP on decision-making suggests that when facing complex decisions, consumers do not process all the information, ground decisions upon a restricted set of attributes, and are less likely to defer choices, but still accomplish utility choices. However, these effects of TP have been typically observed in experimental paradigms that manipulate specific deadlines for task completion. In two experiments involving consumer goods and service choices we have introduced two additional TP manipulations (time limited price discount and stock-out threat), building an integrative approach where information processing strategies, choice deferral, and final choice utility were measured. Our results emphasize the differences between TP manipulations. When applied to real buying contexts, price discounts may not be so effective anymore, whereas stock-out threats have surprising effects, decreasing deferral and final choice utility. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the differences between decision-making upon consumer goods and services, discriminating the effects of TP in real scenarios.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Comparison of two self-etching primers and effect of saliva contamination on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets

Introduction: Saliva contamination during the bonding procedure is a common cause of bracket bond failure. By combining acid and primer in one component, self-etching primers (SEP) reduce the working time and the risk of contamination. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of saliva contamination of the enamel surface on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets cemented with two self-etching primers. Materials and Methods: One hundred orthodontic brackets were bonded to human premolars with Transbond Plus Self-etching Primer (TPSEP, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA) or First Step (FS, Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, IL) under the following enamel surface conditions: 1) dry enamel; 2) saliva contamination/ primer; 3) saliva contamination/ air drying/ primer; 4) primer/ saliva contamination; 5) primer/ saliva contamination/ air drying/ reapplication of the primer. Samples were stored for 7 days in water at 37ºC and submitted to 500 cycles of thermal stress. Bond failure sites were classified by an Adhesive Remnant Index score system. Results:Mean shear bond strengths were significantly higher in the TPSEP groups compared to the FS groups (p < .001). For the same adhesive, no significant differences were found between the enamel surface conditions. More adhesive failures were observed in the FS groups. Conclusions: Brackets bonded with TPSEP had the highest shear bond strength values, under the different enamel surface conditions. For both SEPs, bond strengths were not significantly affected by the enamel surface conditions. The FS groups failed more frequently at the enamel / resin interface.Introdução: A contaminação salivar é uma das principais causas de insucesso na cimentação de brackets. Os selfetching primers, recentemente introduzidos em ortodontia, reduzem o tempo de execução da técnica e a probabilidade de contaminação. Objectivos: Determinar o efeito da contaminação salivar na resistência adesiva a forças de corte de brackets ortodônticos, cimentados com dois self-etching primers. Materiais e Métodos: Foram cimentados 100 brackets em premolares humanos (10 amostras por grupo), utilizando 2 adesivos (Transbond Plus e First Step) e 5 condições de superfície: 1) Condição ideal, esmalte seco; 2) Contaminação salivar antes do primer; 3) Contaminação salivar e secagem antes do primer; 4) Contaminação salivar depois do primer; 5) Contaminação salivar depois do primer, secagem e reaplicação do primer. As amostras foram armazenadas 7 dias em água a 37ºC e sujeitas a 500 ciclos de termociclagem. A área de adesão foi observada ao microscópio óptico para determinar o tipo de falha adesiva. Resultados: A análise de variância demonstrou diferenças significativas entre as forças de resistência adesiva, sendo o Transbond Plus superior ao First Step. A contaminação não influenciou significativamente a resistência adesiva. Conclusões: 1) A resistência adesiva foi mais elevada com o Transbond Plus em comparação com o First Step, independentemente da condição. 2) Para ambos os selfetching primers, a adesão não foi significativamente afectada pela presença de saliva ou pelos procedimentos de descontaminação. 3) No grupo do First Step foi encontrado um maior número de falhas adesivas na interface dente / resina composta.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mapping the moral compass : the relationships between in-house lawyers' role, professional orientations, team cultures, organisational pressures, ethical infrastructure and ethical inclination

This is a survey of 400 in-house lawyers working in public, third and commercial sectors. We set out here the findings at the highest level. A number of organisations assisted with the distribution of the survey. This report provides a unique profile of real differences within the in-house community. We examine individual and team orientations to the in-house role; the invocation of professional principles; and ethical infrastructure, ethical pressure and relationships with the employer. We relate these to externally validated indicators of ethical inclination: (i) moral attentiveness (the extent to which people deal with problems as moral problems and the extent to which people identify moral problems); and (ii) moral disengagement (the extent to which people are inclined to morally disengage to behave unethically without feeling distress). It is as rich a picture of what it means to be an ethical inhouse lawyer as has ever been attempted. A more detailed summary and discussion of our findings is found in the final chapter of the main report for those who would like to know more but do not have the appetite or time to read the whole report. Through this research we profile the characteristics of individuals, teams and environments most associated with a stronger or weaker inclination to behave ethically. It is important to emphasise that this mapping of the 'moral compass' of in-house lawyers shows that ethicality is associated with individual and professional notions of the in-house role but also with team orientations and the broader organisational environment. Ethicality is both a systemic and individual phenomenon. We think the systemic lesson is important: there is too much emphasis in legal circles on thinking that ethics is about being the right sort of individual. That kind of thinking is complacent and dangerous. As we show here, individuals, systems and cultures mesh together in meaningful and measurable ways to increase or reduce ethical risk. As numerous corporate scandals have shown, such ethical risk puts individual lawyers at risk of professional misconduct but it also encourages poor quality decision-making for the organisations that employ in-house lawyers: short-termism and sharp practice can lead to catastrophic error