A highly efficient, stable, and rapid approach for ex vivo human liver gene therapy via a FLAP lentiviral vector

Allogenic hepatocyte transplantation or autologous transplantation of genetically modified hepatocytes has been used successfully to correct congenital or acquired liver diseases and can be considered as an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation. However, hepatocytes are neither easily maintained in culture nor efficiently genetically modified and are very sensitive to dissociation before their reimplantation into the recipient. These difficulties have greatly limited the use of an ex vivo approach in clinical trials. In the present study, we have shown that primary human and rat hepatocytes can be efficiently transduced with a FLAP lentiviral vector without the need for plating and culture. Efficient transduction of nonadherent primary hepatocytes was achieved with a short period of contact with vector particles, without modifying hepatocyte viability, and using reduced amounts of vector. We also showed that the presence of the DNA FLAP in the vector construct was essential to reach high levels of transduction. Moreover, transplanted into uPA/SCID mouse liver, lentivirally transduced primary human hepatocytes extensively repopulated their liver and maintained a differentiated and functional phenotype as assessed by the stable detection of human albumin and antitrypsin in the serum of the animals for months. In conclusion, the use of FLAP lentiviral vectors allows, in a short period of time, a high transduction efficiency of human functional and reimplantable hepatocytes. This work therefore opens new perspectives for the development of human clinical trials based on liver-directed ex vivo gene therapy.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

TFEB regulates murine liver cell fate during development and regeneration

It is well established that pluripotent stem cells in fetal and postnatal liver (LPCs) can differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. However, the signaling pathways implicated in the differentiation of LPCs are still incompletely understood. Transcription Factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, is known to be involved in osteoblast and myeloid differentiation, but its role in lineage commitment in the liver has not been investigated. Here we show that during development and upon regeneration TFEB drives the differentiation status of murine LPCs into the progenitor/cholangiocyte lineage while inhibiting hepatocyte differentiation. Genetic interaction studies show that Sox9, a marker of precursor and biliary cells, is a direct transcriptional target of TFEB and a primary mediator of its effects on liver cell fate. In summary, our findings identify an unexplored pathway that controls liver cell lineage commitment and whose dysregulation may play a role in biliary cancer

La fusion des macrophages : partenaires des cellules Somatiques et cancéreuses ?

La fusion est un mécanisme fondamental utilisé par les organismes multicellulaires. Elle joue un rôle essentiel au cours du développement physiologique. Ainsi, la fusion est-elle le premier événement à l’origine même de la vie lors du contact fusionnel entre spermatozoïde et ovocyte. La fusion des myoblastes en myotubes participe, par la suite, à l’organisation musculaire définitive. La fusion est également rencontrée au cours de processus pathologiques. Les virus en ont fait leur quotidien pour attaquer leurs cellules cibles. La fusion macrophagique est un événement incontournable pour l’obtention de cellules ostéoclastiques et de cellules multinucléées, partenaires essentiels dans des affections comme l’ostéoporose ou les maladies inflammatoires chroniques. Pourtant, les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans ces différents événements sont assez mal connus. Un regain d’intérêt est néanmoins récemment apparu lorsque des cellules dérivées de la moelle osseuse ont été retrouvées différenciées en types cellulaires variés dans des tissus lésés. En effet, la fusion entre une cellule d’origine myélomonocytaire, potentiellement macrophagique, et une cellule résidente de l’organe lésé semble être à l’origine de cette plasticité inattendue. Dans cet article, Agnès Vignery revisite la fusion macrophagique et les différentes protéines qui semblent la contrôler avant de s’interroger sur la participation et la pertinence d’un mécanisme équivalent au cours de la cancérogenèse ou de la régénération tissulaire

Construction of a physical, genetic and transcript map of human xq21.1-q21.3

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A high-resolution interval map of the q21 region of the human X chromosome

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The Friedreich ataxia gene is assigned to chromosome 9q13-q21 by mapping of tightly linked markers and shows linkage disequilibrium with D9S15.

Chamberlain et al. have assigned the gene for Friedreich ataxia (FA), a recessive neurodegenerative disorder, to chromosome 9, and have proposed a regional localization in the proximal short arm (9p22-cen), on the basis of linkage to D9S15 and to interferon-beta (IFNB), the latter being localized in 9p22. We confirmed more recently the close linkage to D9S15 in another set of families but found much looser linkage to IFNB. We also reported another closely linked marker, D9S5. Additional families have now been studied, and our updated lod scores are z = 14.30 at theta = .00 for D9S15-FA linkage and z = 6.30 at theta = .00 for D9S5-FA linkage. Together with the recent data of Chamberlain et al., this shows that D9S15 is very likely within 1 cM of the FA locus. We have found very significant linkage disequilibrium (delta Std = .28, chi 2 = 9.71, P less than .01) between FA and the D9S15 MspI RFLP in French families, which further supports the very close proximity of these two loci. No recombination between D9S5 and D9S15 was found in the FA families or Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain families (z = 9.30 at theta = .00). Thus D9S5, D9S15, and FA define a cluster of tightly linked loci. We have mapped D9S5 by in situ hybridization to 9q13-q21, and, accordingly, we assign the D9S5, D9S15, and FA cluster to the proximal part of chromosome 9 long arm, close to the heterochromatic region