Redovnička kurija i upravljanje ustanovom ili družbom sa posebnim osvrtom na upravljanje monaškom benediktinskom zajednicom

Il Codice di diritto canonico non usa il termine curia religiosa, se ne può parlare per analogia, ma anche qui in modo molto limitato in relazione alla Curia diocesana e Romana. Gli autori partono dal concetto di curia religiosa, che viene sviluppato all’interno degli Istituti religiosi attraverso il suo triplice aspetto: operativo, coeso e missionario. La curia religiosa, forma un insieme di servizi, organi e istituzioni che aiutano il Superiore religioso nel governo, è strutturata in funzione al tipo e all’estensione dell’Istituto religioso nonché della sua missione nella Chiesa. Oltre agli Istituti previsti dal diritto universale, il diritto proprio dell’Istituto lascia ampio spazio a introdurre una varietà di organi e servizi ausiliari e consultivi a disposizione del Superiore religioso, senza mai metterne in discussione il ruolo determinante nel governare. Tuttavia, il vero spirito di servizio nell’esercizio della potestà di governo, richiamato soprattutto dai documenti ecclesiali conciliari e postconciliari, non può prescindere dal ruolo che questi organi hanno nella formazione delle decisioni finali nel governo dell’Istituto. Le comunità monastiche autonome (sui iuris) sono un buon esempio per vedere la portata, ma anche i limiti, della potestà di governo di un Superiore religioso. La descrizione del governo della comunità femminile monastica benedettina, che gli autori riportano, serve proprio a mostrare il triplice ruolo della curia religiosa, anche in questa struttura basilare di un monastero e della sua abbadessa, equiparata per diritto al Superiore maggiore di una qualsiasi congregazione molto più diffusa e con maggior numero di membri, per quanto strutturata.Zakonik kanonskog prava ne koristi pojam redovničke kurije te se o njemu može govoriti u vrlo ograničenom analognom smislu u odnosu na biskupijske i Rimsku kuriju. Autori polaze od pojma redovničke kurije, koji se potom osvjetljuje kroz njezinu trostruku ulogu u redovničkim ustanovama: operativnu, kohezivnu i misijsku. Kao zajednički naziv za skup službi, tijela i ustanova koje pomažu redovničkom poglavaru u upravljanju, redovnička se kurija strukturira ovisno o vrsti i rasprostranjenosti redovničke ustanove, kao i o njezinu poslanju u Crkvi. Uz institute predviđene općim pravom, vlastito pravo ustanova ostavlja širok prostor predviđanju najrazličitijih pomoćnih i savjetodavnih tijela i službi koje redovničkom poglavaru stoje na raspolaganje, ne dovodeći nikad u pitanje njegovu odlučujuću ulogu u upravljanju. Ipak, istinski duh služenja u vršenju vlasti, na koji pozivaju osobito koncilski i postkoncilski crkveni dokumenti, ne može zanemariti ulogu tih tijela u formiranju konačnih odluka u upravljanju redovničkom ustanovom. Monaške autonomne zajednice (sui iuris) dobar su primjer na kojemu se može uočiti doseg, ali i granice moći redovničkog poglavara. Prikaz upravljanja benediktinskom monaškom ženskom zajednicom, koji autori donose, služi upravo tome da se i u toj bazičnoj strukturi jedne monaške kuće i opatice, koja je po pravu izjednačena s višom poglavaricom neke najrasprostranjenije i najmnogoljudnije redovničke ustanove, prikaže trostruka uloga redovničke kurije, ma kako ona bila strukturirana

Shattered pellet injection experiments at JET in support of the ITER disruption mitigation system design

A series of experiments have been executed at JET to assess the efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injection (SPI) system in mitigating the effects of disruptions. Issues, important for the ITER disruption mitigation system, such as thermal load mitigation, avoidance of runaway electron (RE) formation, radiation asymmetries during thermal quench mitigation, electromagnetic load control and RE energy dissipation have been addressed over a large parameter range. The efficiency of the mitigation has been examined for the various SPI injection strategies. The paper summarises the results from these JET SPI experiments and discusses their implications for the ITER disruption mitigation scheme

Testing a prediction model for the H-mode density pedestal against JET-ILW pedestals

The neutral ionisation model proposed by Groebner et al (2002 Phys. Plasmas 9 2134) to determine the plasma density profile in the H-mode pedestal, is extended to include charge exchange processes in the pedestal stimulated by the ideas of Mahdavi et al (2003 Phys. Plasmas 10 3984). The model is then tested against JET H-mode pedestal data, both in a 'standalone' version using experimental temperature profiles and also by incorporating it in the Europed version of EPED. The model is able to predict the density pedestal over a wide range of conditions with good accuracy. It is also able to predict the experimentally observed isotope effect on the density pedestal that eludes simpler neutral ionization models

New H-mode regimes with small ELMs and high thermal confinement in the Joint European Torus

New H-mode regimes with high confinement, low core impurity accumulation, and small edge-localized mode perturbations have been obtained in magnetically confined plasmas at the Joint European Torus tokamak. Such regimes are achieved by means of optimized particle fueling conditions at high input power, current, and magnetic field, which lead to a self-organized state with a strong increase in rotation and ion temperature and a decrease in the edge density. An interplay between core and edge plasma regions leads to reduced turbulence levels and outward impurity convection. These results pave the way to an attractive alternative to the standard plasmas considered for fusion energy generation in a tokamak with a metallic wall environment such as the ones expected in ITER.& nbsp;Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing

Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (α) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER

Disruption prediction at JET through deep convolutional neural networks using spatiotemporal information from plasma profiles

In view of the future high power nuclear fusion experiments, the early identification of disruptions is a mandatory requirement, and presently the main goal is moving from the disruption mitigation to disruption avoidance and control. In this work, a deep-convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed to provide early detection of disruptive events at JET. The CNN ability to learn relevant features, avoiding hand-engineered feature extraction, has been exploited to extract the spatiotemporal information from 1D plasma profiles. The model is trained with regularly terminated discharges and automatically selected disruptive phase of disruptions, coming from the recent ITER-like-wall experiments. The prediction performance is evaluated using a set of discharges representative of different operating scenarios, and an in-depth analysis is made to evaluate the performance evolution with respect to the considered experimental conditions. Finally, as real-time triggers and termination schemes are being developed at JET, the proposed model has been tested on a set of recent experiments dedicated to plasma termination for disruption avoidance and mitigation. The CNN model demonstrates very high performance, and the exploitation of 1D plasma profiles as model input allows us to understand the underlying physical phenomena behind the predictor decision

Comparing pedestal structure in JET-ILW H-mode plasmas with a model for stiff ETG turbulent heat transport

A predictive model for the electron temperature profile of the H-mode pedestal is described, and its results are compared with the pedestal structure of JET-ILW plasmas. The model is based on a scaling for the gyro-Bohm normalized, turbulent electron heat flux qe/qe,gB resulting from electron temperature gradient (ETG) turbulence, derived from results of nonlinear gyrokinetic (GK) calculations for the steep gradient region. By using the local temperature gradient scale length L-Te in the normalization, the dependence of q(e)/q(e,g)B on the normalized gradients R/L-Te and R/(Lne) can be represented by a unified scaling with the parameter eta(e) = L-ne/L-Te, to which the linear stability of ETG turbulence is sensitive when the density gradient is sufficiently steep. For a prescribed density profile, the value of R/L-Te determined from this scaling, required to maintain a constant electron heat flux qe across the pedestal, is used to calculate the temperature profile. Reasonable agreement with measurements is found for different cases, the model providing an explanation of the relative widths and shifts of the T-e and n(e) profiles, as well as highlighting the importance of the separatrix boundary conditions. Other cases showing disagreement indicate conditions where other branches of turbulence might dominate.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue "H-mode transition and pedestal studies in fusion plasmas'

The role of ETG modes in JET-ILW pedestals with varying levels of power and fuelling

We present the results of GENE gyrokinetic calculations based on a series of JET-ITER-like-wall (ILW) type I ELMy H-mode discharges operating with similar experimental inputs but at different levels of power and gas fuelling. We show that turbulence due to electron-temperature-gradient (ETGs) modes produces a significant amount of heat flux in four JET-ILW discharges, and, when combined with neoclassical simulations, is able to reproduce the experimental heat flux for the two low gas pulses. The simulations plausibly reproduce the high-gas heat fluxes as well, although power balance analysis is complicated by short ELM cycles. By independently varying the normalised temperature gradients (omega(T)(e)) and normalised density gradients (omega(ne )) around their experimental values, we demonstrate that it is the ratio of these two quantities eta(e) = omega(Te)/omega(ne) that determines the location of the peak in the ETG growth rate and heat flux spectra. The heat flux increases rapidly as eta(e) increases above the experimental point, suggesting that ETGs limit the temperature gradient in these pulses. When quantities are normalised using the minor radius, only increases in omega(Te) produce appreciable increases in the ETG growth rates, as well as the largest increases in turbulent heat flux which follow scalings similar to that of critical balance theory. However, when the heat flux is normalised to the electron gyro-Bohm heat flux using the temperature gradient scale length L-Te, it follows a linear trend in correspondence with previous work by different authors

Spectroscopic camera analysis of the roles of molecularly assisted reaction chains during detachment in JET L-mode plasmas

The roles of the molecularly assisted ionization (MAI), recombination (MAR) and dissociation (MAD) reaction chains with respect to the purely atomic ionization and recombination processes were studied experimentally during detachment in low-confinement mode (L-mode) plasmas in JET with the help of experimentally inferred divertor plasma and neutral conditions, extracted previously from filtered camera observations of deuterium Balmer emission, and the reaction coefficients provided by the ADAS, AMJUEL and H2VIBR atomic and molecular databases. The direct contribution of MAI and MAR in the outer divertor particle balance was found to be inferior to the electron-atom ionization (EAI) and electron-ion recombination (EIR). Near the outer strike point, a strong atom source due to the D+2-driven MAD was, however, observed to correlate with the onset of detachment at outer strike point temperatures of Te,osp = 0.9-2.0 eV via increased plasma-neutral interactions before the increasing dominance of EIR at Te,osp < 0.9 eV, followed by increasing degree of detachment. The analysis was supported by predictions from EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations which were in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations