The Budget of the United States Government for the Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1953

This excerpt from the US Government yearly budget, dated January 1, 1952, indicates a payment to the Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold Reservation in the amount of 7.5 million dollars. This payment is noted in the section “Bureau of Indian Affairs” under the subsection “Miscellaneous Expired Accounts, Bureau of Indian Affairs” and is labeled an “expenditure out of prior authorization.”https://commons.und.edu/indigenous-gov-docs/1029/thumbnail.jp

Mechanical properties of the cellular structures based on the isotruss unit cell^®

Summary. The present work aims to investigate the mechanical properties of the cellular structure based on the Isotruss unit cell by implementing the finite element method (FEM) introducing a representative elementary volume (REV). As an orthotropic cellular structure, the three principal Young’s modulus along the longitudinal and transversal directions are evaluated. The influence of the geometrical parameters on the elastic properties is studied in detail. Results reveal that Young’s modulus in two transverse directions are almost close, showing a 12% difference. Besides, the proposed unit cell presents the ability to tune the elasticity along with the main directions. It is seen that increasing the angle of helical pitch, increases the longitudinal Young’s modulus while decreases the transverse ones that suggest a considerable possibility for optimal designs. As an example, mimicking Young’s modulus of the human cortical bone as an orthotropic material is explored and it is seen that the presented cellular structure based on the Isotruss unit cell can successfully fit

Albion T. Crow

25-2ClaimsReport : Petition of A. Crow. [333] Black Hawk war in 1832; Illinois militia.1837-7

The ‘credibility paradox’ in China’s science communication: Views from scientific practitioners

In contrast to increasing debates on China’s rising status as a global scientific power, issues of China’s science communication remain under-explored. Based on 21 in-depth interviews in three cities, this article examines Chinese scientists’ accounts of the entangled web of influence which conditions the process of how scientific knowledge achieves (or fails to achieve) its civic authority. A main finding of this study is a ‘credibility paradox’ as a result of the over-politicisation of science and science communication in China. Respondents report that an absence of visible institutional endorsements renders them more public credibility and better communication outcomes. Thus, instead of exploiting formal channels of science communication, scientists interviewed were more keen to act as ‘informal risk communicators’ in grassroots and private events. Chinese scientists’ perspectives on how to earn public support of their research sheds light on the nature and impact of a ‘civic epistemology’ in an authoritarian state

The Impact of Border Carbon Adjustments under Alternative Producer Responses

Abstract and PDF report are also available on the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://globalchange.mit.edu/)Border carbon adjustments (BCAs) have been proposed to address leakage and competitiveness concerns. In traditional assessments, firms regard BCAs as output taxes rather than implicit emissions taxes. Using a stylized energy-economic model, we analyze the impact of BCAs for alternative producer responses. When firms view BCAs as an implicit emissions tax, the outcome depends on whether or not firms can differentiate production across destination markets. If firms are able to produce a low-emissions variety for regions imposing BCAs, results are similar to when firms regard BCAs as an output tax. If firms produce a single variety for all markets, BCAs result in larger leakage reductions than in standard approaches. We also find that BCAs are less effective at addressing competitive concerns in scenarios that result in larger leakage reductions.This study received support from the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, which is funded by a consortium of government, industry and foundation sponsors

Therapeutic Hypothermia Reduces Intracranial Pressure and Partial Brain Oxygen Tension in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury:Preliminary Data from the Eurotherm3235 Trial

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of disability and death and a huge economic burden throughout the world. Much of the morbidity associated with TBI is attributed to secondary brain injuries resulting in hypoxia and ischemia after the initial trauma. Intracranial hypertension and decreased partial brain oxygen tension (P(bt)O(2)) are targeted as potentially avoidable causes of morbidity. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) may be an effective intervention to reduce intracranial pressure (ICP), but could also affect cerebral blood flow (CBF). This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from 17 patients admitted to the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh. Patients with an ICP >20 mmHg refractory to initial therapy were randomized to standard care or standard care and TH (intervention group) titrated between 32°C and 35°C to reduce ICP. ICP and P(bt)O(2) were measured using the Licox system and core temperature was recorded through rectal thermometer. Data were analyzed at the hour before cooling, the first hour at target temperature, 2 consecutive hours at target temperature, and after 6 hours of hypothermia. There was a mean decrease in ICP of 4.3±1.6 mmHg (p<0.04) from 15.7 to 11.4 mmHg, from precooling to the first epoch of hypothermia in the intervention group (n=9) that was not seen in the control group (n=8). A decrease in ICP was maintained throughout all time periods. There was a mean decrease in P(bt)O(2) of 7.8±3.1 mmHg (p<0.05) from 30.2 to 22.4 mmHg, from precooling to stable hypothermia, which was not seen in the control group. This research supports others in demonstrating a decrease in ICP with temperature, which could facilitate a reduction in the use of hyperosmolar agents or other stage II interventions. The decrease in P(bt)O(2) is not below the suggested treatment threshold of 20 mmHg, but might indicate a decrease in CBF

Reconsidering the Tribal-State Compact Process

This essay evaluates the tribal‐state compact process, as one of several alternative, nonadversarial processes, warranting attention. It argues that, because of its binding character and relatively low cost (in contrast to litigation), and because it is based in the idea of tribes and states exhibiting mutual respect, the compact process is an advanced version of negotiation and bargaining that tribes and states should consider where appropriate

Women take care and men take charge’: The case of leadership and gender in the Public and Commercial Services Union

This article presents the findings of a case study that aimed to understand the specific leadership styles that are valued by women and men lay representatives in the Public and Commercial Services (PCS) union and to determine the gendered implications for increasing women’s leadership and representation in trade unions. Survey responses from PCS lay representatives (reps) show the majority of women and men agreed that the leadership style they value, and makes a good union leader, is post-heroic (communal) leadership. This approach is associated with leadership characteristics such as being helpful, sensitive, and kind and are generally practised by women. This contrasts with male union leaders who are associated with a traditional, heroic (agentic) leadership style characterised by confidence, self-reliance, and decisiveness. Although some differences exist that highlight gender issues, both women and men lay reps have positive attitudes towards increasing women’s representation and participation in union leadership

A dual thromboxane inhibitor and thromboxane receptor antagonist prevents pig myocardial infarction induced by coronary thrombosis

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