Gender and poverty: what we know, don’t know, and need to know for Agenda 2030

Drawing on historical debates on gender, poverty, and the ‘feminisation of poverty’, this paper reflects on current evidence, methods and analysis of gendered poverty. It focuses on initiatives by UN Women, including the Progress of the World’s Women 2015–16. Our analysis of the data compiled by UN Women raises questions about what might account for the over-representation of women among the poor in official accounts of poverty, and how this is plausibly changing (or not) over time. The paper highlights that analysis of what is measured and how needs to be understood in relation to who is the focus of measurement. The lack of available data which is fit for purpose questions the extent to which gender poverty differences are ‘real’ or statistical. There is a continued reliance on comparing female with male headed households, and we argue the move by UN Women to adopt the notion of Female Only Households reflects available data driving conceptual understandings of women’s poverty, rather than conceptual advances driving the search for better data. Wider UN processes highlight that while sensitivity to differences among women and their subjectivities are paramount in understanding the multiple processes accounting for gender bias in poverty burdens, they are still accorded little priority. To monitor advances in Agenda 2030 will require more and better statistics. Our review suggests that we are still far from having a set of tools able to adequately measure and monitor gendered poverty

Challenges and changes in gendered poverty: the feminization, de-feminization, and re-feminization of poverty in Latin America

Despite reductions in poverty generally, recent trends in Latin American countries show processes of both a de-feminization and re-feminization of poverty. The latter has occurred despite feminized anti-poverty programmes, most notably conditional cash transfer (CCTs), which target resources to women. We show that methodological differences in what, how, and who is the focus of measurement, may influence patterns of poverty ‘feminization’. We also suggest that feminized policy interventions might in themselves be playing a role in the re-feminization of poverty, not least because the participation of female-headed households may be limited by default if not design. The somewhat paradoxical interactions between the feminization of household headship, the feminization of poverty, and the feminization of anti-poverty programmes, present interesting challenges for redressing gender gaps in poverty within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Developmen

TINJAUAN YURIDIS PENYERTAAN DALAM TINDAK PIDANA MENURUT KUHP

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana unsur-unsur tindak pidana dan bagaimana aspek yuridis penyertaan dalam tindak pidana.  Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, disimpulkan: 1. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana pada umumnya dijabarkan kepada 2 (dua) macam unsur yaitu unsur objektif dan unsur subjektif. Yang dimaksud dengan unsur objektif adalah unsur yang ada hubungannya dengan keadaan, yaitu di dalam keadaan mana tindakan dari si pelaku itu harus dilakukan, sedangkan unsur subjektif adalah unsur yang melekat pada diri si pelaku atau yang berhubungan dengan diri si pelaku. Unsur subjektif dari sesuatu tindak pidana. 2. Pada prinsipnya KUHP menganut sistem dapat dipidananya peserta pembantu tidak sama dengan pembuat. Pidana pokok untuk pembantu diancam lebih ringan dari pembuat. Prinsip ini terlihat di dalam Pasal 57 ayat 1 dan ayat 2 KUHP di atas yang menyatakan bahwa maksimum pidana pokok untuk pembantuan dikurangi sepertiga, dan apabila kejahatan yang dilakukan diancamkan dengan pidana mati atau pidana penjara seumur hidup, maka maksimum pidana pokok untuk pembantu adalah lima belas tahun penjara.Kata kunci: Penyertaan, tindak pidan

A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia - Is the differential mortality gap worsening over time?

Context Despite improvements in mental health services in recent decades, it is unclear whether the risk of mortality in schizophrenia has changed over time. Objective To explore the distribution of standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for people with schizophrenia. Data Sources Broad search terms were used in MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify all studies that investigated mortality in schizophrenia, published between January 1, 1980, and January 31, 2006. References were also identified from review articles, reference lists, and communication with authors. Study Selection Population-based studies that reported primary data on deaths in people with schizophrenia. Data Extraction Operationalized criteria were used to extract key study features and mortality data. Data Synthesis We examined the distribution of SMRs and pooled selected estimates using random-effects meta-analysis. We identified 37 articles drawn from 25 different nations. The median SMR for all persons for all-cause mortality was 2.58 (10%-90% quantile, 1.18-5.76), with a corresponding random-effects pooled SMR of 2.50 (95% confidence interval, 2.18-2.43). No sex difference was detected. Suicide was associated with the highest SMR (12.86); however, most of the major causes-of-death categories were found to be elevated in people with schizophrenia. The SMRs for all-cause mortality have increased during recent decades (P = .03). Conclusions With respect to mortality, a substantial gap exists between the health of people with schizophrenia and the general community. This differential mortality gap has worsened in recent decades. In light of the potential for second-generation antipsychotic medications to further adversely influence mortality rates in the decades to come, optimizing the general health of people with schizophrenia warrants urgent attention

Gentamicin, genetic variation and deafness in preterm children.

Hearing loss in children born before 32 weeks of gestation is more prevalent than in full term infants. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are routinely used to treat bacterial infections in babies on neonatal intensive care units. However, this type of medication can have harmful effects on the auditory system. In order to avoid this blood levels should be maintained in the therapeutic range. However in individuals with a mitochondrial genetic variant (m.1555A > G), permanent hearing loss can occur even when drug levels are within normal limits. The aim of the study is to investigate the burden that the m.1555A > G mutation represents to deafness in very preterm infants

Generationing development

The articles in this special issue present a persuasive case for accounts of development to recognise the integral and fundamental roles played by age and generation. While the past two decades have witnessed a burgeoning of literature demonstrating that children and youth are impacted by development, and that they can and do participate in development, the literature has tended to portray young people as a special group whose perspectives should not be forgotten. By contrast, the articles collected here make the case that age and generation, as relational constructs, cannot be ignored. Appropriating the term ‘generationing’, the editors argue that a variety of types of age relations profoundly structure the ways in which societies are transformed through development – both immanent processes of neoliberal modernisation and the interventions of development agencies that both respond and contribute to these. Drawing on the seven empirical articles, I attempt to draw some of the ideas together into a narrative that further argues the case for ‘generationing’ but also identifies gaps, questions and implications for further research