Ca isotope fingerprints of early crust-mantle evolution

Among the most important factors influencing beer quality is the presence of well-adjusted amounts of higher alcohols and esters; as well as the successful reduction of undesirable by-products such as diacetyl. While higher alcohols and esters contribute rather positively to the beer aroma, diacetyl is mostly unwelcome for beer types with lighter taste. Thus, the complex metabolic pathways in yeast responsible for the synthesis of both pleasant and unpleasant by-products of fermentation were given special attention in this last chapter

Segmentace řeči založená na LSTM pro TTS syntézu

Tento článek popisuje experimenty se segmentací řeči pro účely TTS syntézy . Použili jsme obousměrnou LSTM neuronovou síť pro klasifikaci telefonů v rámečku a další obousměrnou LSTM síť pro predikci délky jednotlivých telefonů. Navrhovaná procedura segmentace kombinuje oba výstupy a najde optimální zarovnání řeč-foném pomocí dynamického programovacího přístupu. Zavedli jsme dvě modifikace pro zvýšení robustnosti klasifikace fonémů. Experimenty byly provedeny na 2 profesionálních a 2 amatérských hlasy. Bylo provedeno srovnání s referenční segmentací založenou na HMM s dalšími manuálními korekcemi. Preferenční poslechové testy ukázaly, že referenční a experimentální segmentace jsou rovnocenné, pokud jsou použity v systému TTS pro výběr jednotek.This paper describes experiments on speech segmentation for the purposes of text-to-speech synthesis. We used a bidirectional LSTM neural network for framewise phone classification and another bidirectional LSTM network for predicting the duration of particular phones. The proposed segmentation procedure combines both outputs and finds the optimal speech-phoneme alignment by using the dynamic programming approach. We introduced two modifications to increase the robustness of phoneme classification. Experiments were performed on 2 professional voices and 2 amateur voices. A comparison with a reference HMM-based segmentation with additional manual corrections was performed. Preference listening tests showed that the reference and experimental segmentation are equivalent when used in a unit selection TTS system

Scale-down effect on the extracellular proteome of Escherichia coli: correlation with membrane permeability and modulation according substrate heterogeneities

Protein leakage is induced in well-mixed fed-batch bioreactor by comparison with cultures carried out in scale-down conditions. This effect is attributed to a progressive increase of cell membrane permeability and the synthesis of several outer-membrane components allowing to cope with substrate limitation commonly found in high-cell density culture. A comparative analysis of protein leakage has thus been performed in well-mixed bioreactors and in scale-down devices. The extracellular proteome of E.coli has been investigated by 2D-gel electrophoresis and identified by subsequent MALDI-TOF analysis. On 110 picked spots, 67 proteins have been identified and the sub-localisation and the molecular function of these proteins have been determined. A majority of the extracellular proteome was composed of outer-membrane and periplasmic proteins (64%) confirming the fact that leakage is involved in high-cell density cultures. About 50% of this extracellular proteome was composed of transport and binding proteins. Furthermore, the more abundant spots on the gel corresponded to porin proteins and periplasmic transporters. In particular, the OmpC porin was found to be very abundant. Moreover, the scale-down effect on this extracellular proteome has been investigated by 2D-DIGE analysis (2-Dimensional Differential in-Gel Electrophoresis) and significant differences have been observed by comparison with culture carried out in well-mixed systems. Indeed, since substrate limitation signal is alleviated in this kind of apparatus, cell permeability was lowered as shown by flow cytometry. In scale-down conditions, protein leakage was thus less abundant