Recognition of effective variables on physical safety in elementary school

One of the most important steps in planning the design of educational facilities, is attention to the physical safety of these spaces, especially in elementary schools. For this reason, the priority in the designing  is safety of the child and then due to the flexibility of the environment and tools, to give the child's chance of imagination. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of physical security and safety, environmental variables that creates safety in the educational spaces, in order to achieve a more favorable atmosphere has been done. In case study examples, solutions can be found to solve the problem in schools and in planning for the future, measures to promote safety in our schools. The research study, so that in the first phase, the theoretical research gathered through library studies, that was based on the results of the research. In the next step is to test hypotheses, field studies and interviews have been done on 8 elementary schools in Rasht, and the questionnaires were distributed in two stages, the required results gathered and analyzed. The findings showed that for respondents so many factors such as correct location of schools, access, privacy and security in the performance of schools and educational facilities described have special significance, despite the fact that is, the level of security in schools body was moderate, however, physical security, enhancing the utility of educational facilities and increase children's learning outcomes will follow

Principles of university open spaces design based on vitality model and promotion of training

Background and Objectives:Today, the issue of teaching and learning patterns and group activities is one of the issues of interest in areas related to education in universities. How to achieve teaching-learning patterns has gained a special place among experts. In recent years, due to the increasing growth and scope of changes in educational methods, adapting the learning environment to all aspects of learner needs, has been the focus of education professionals. Because the physical environment, due to its structure, can strengthen or weaken the interactions and subsequent learning process, it is believed that new approaches are required for movement, teamwork and student dynamism. Therefore, defining the needs and how to organize the context in which such learning can emerge is of particular importance. Considering the effect that academic spaces can have on the audience and users of these spaces, the present study aims to provide guidelines for designing open university spaces based on increasing the vitality and social interactions among users and improving the level of education among them. The present research tries to identify the factors affecting the promotion of vitality and social interactions from the users' perspective, drawing the correlation between these factors in an analytical model. In the current study, both quantitative and qualitative research methods have been used. Method and Materials: After formulating the contents of the content table and the questionnaire, the sample size based on Klein's views reached 341 according to the number of questionnaires. Therefore, students from architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning and civil engineering at Iranian universities were randomly selected by cluster sampling. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 using R factor analysis. The model was developed by Amos. Findings: The results of this research indicated that social, physical, designing and psychological dimensions of the environment are influential. Conclusion: According to the results of previous studies and the present study, the existence of social, physical, design and environmental traits in the collective spaces of the university, can facilitate the necessary conditions to increase vitality, sociability and group activities. In this way, the existence of a spatial trait in open university public spaces, by increasing the possibility of vitality, facilitates the process of creativity and innovation for researchers and leads to socialization. Also, increasing the desire to do group and group activities and the possibility of solving problems in groups leads to improving the level of education among users. A review of this research reveals the fact that human behavior, collisions, and the use of space can be influenced by space and spatial communication, and ultimately lead to social vitality in collective centers

The ontological basics of perfectionism in designing educational sites

Background and Objectives: The ultimate goal of education is the learner’s growth. Therefore, the main concern of the architects in this field is the educational environment design in accordance with the high goals of educational system. In this study, relying on the opinions of Islamic thinkers in Quranic sciences field, the teachings derived from the Holy Quran and basic components underlying the perfection has extracted. These components have proposed, as the main contents of design criteria and improving the quality of schools and educational places, in three areas of meaning, function and body to help the architects benefit from an efficient design. Materials and Methods: This study has considered as an effective fundamental research, using quantitative-qualitative methodology. The methodology, in beginning, is survey. Then, the validity of the researcher-made questionnaires and the reliability of the variables have been calculated and confirmed through Cronbach's alpha test with a coefficient of 0.764. In addition, Q factor analysis (extracting expert opinions) and R factor analysis (extracting users' interests) were also performed using spss19 software. The specialist’s statistical population includes 25 professors specialized in the fields of Islamic education, educational sciences and architecture. Next, 40 female trade school junior were selected, from Tehran trade schools, as a non-random environmental users sample. Finally, the illustrated questionnaires obtained from the views of the professors were prepared and analyzed. Findings: After 990 minutes of interviews with specialized professors of Shahid Rajaee University, Tehran University, Science and Technology University and Imam Khomeini international University of Qazvin, two-stage coding and extraction of effective categories were done to prepare a researcher-made questionnaire with 40 items. According to the results of the factor analysis, the following three factors have detected; 1- Physical characteristics of educational buildings as a factor of human spiritual excellence, 2- Introversion as an effective factor in human self-knowledge and self-construction, 3- Extroversion as a factor in regulating environmental conditions and natural areas of human perfection from the view of the specialists. Then, the users’ illustrated questionnaires in 9 different educational fields with 3 quality grades, have distributed among users. Conclusion:: The students’ identified needs, regarding the meaning and spiritual growth, "creating peace and security, a sense of satisfaction, increasing thinking power, fostering creativity and increasing responsibility." In the ​​function field, the following issues are supposed to have taken into account: "individualized places, observance of hierarchy, flexibility, social interactions, multifunctional spaces and the cultivation of sensory powers". In the body field, "observance of diversity, attention to details, scalability, beauty and connection with nature" should have given priority in designing the school and campus. Therefore, based on these identified variables, the obtained correlation model of the factors making students' spiritual excellence in school design is specified through: 1- body design with considering growth factor characteristics, 2- human self-knowledge and self-construction, 3- nature and environment. Therefore, considering the important role of the body and especially the characteristics of the school environment in the growth of students' talents, the optimal design of educational environments is clearly effective to make a suitable ground for their spiritual growth. ===================================================================================== COPYRIGHTS©2021 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. ====================================================================================

Considering the Desirability of Campus in Students Viewpoint

When we take a look at the universities, it should be understood that almost all the university spaces are devoted to the departments and classes and all the designers’ and planners attention is to the internal parts of the university and there is no or little attention is paid to the university campus. There are a few applied studies about increasing the quality of campus in Iran universities. While, the campus has an important role to promote University goals, science and education. With regards to lack of knowledge in this field, architectural and landscape science is an advantage to reach this goal. According to the above mentioned problem this research considered the approaches and theories related to the landscape architecture to strength the role of the campus in students learning and education. The final goal of this research is to find the advantages of the campus for the students. The research method used in this study is descriptive-survey. According to the landscape design coordinates and getting the landscape design sample, we designed a questionnaire to gather and analyze the data. The questionnaire was filled by 200 architecture student and graduate students of Iran universities. The statistical population was selected randomly from the faculty of architecture from Iran universities. The results were analyzed by SPSS software. By considering the result we determine some main factors of campus desirability in Universities. At last by using a scientific method we will differ the scientific effects of these factors

"COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ONSET AND DURATION OF ACTION OF 0.5% BUPIVACAINE AND A MIXTURE OF 0.5% BUPIVACAINE AND 2% LIDOCAINE FOR EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA"

Local anesthetic solutions are frequently mixed to take advantage of the useful properties of each drug but the medical literature is surprisingly deficient in well controlled studies about the onset and duration of action of these mixtures for epidural anesthesia. A total of 32 patients scheduled for elective operation were enrolled in this prospective randomized controlled study; in group I, 16 patients received 15 ml solution containing bupivacaine 0.5% and lidocaine 2% as a single injection epidural anesthesia after 3 ml test dose containing 15 mcg epinephrine; in group II, 16 patients received 15 ml bupivacaine 0.5% with the same technique. The times from injection of the test dose to the onset of sensory anesthesia at inguinal ligament and umbilicus and the time of termination of anesthesia at the maximum sensory level and two levels regression of anesthesia level were checked with pinprick test. The results were compared with two sample t test. Times to onset of sensory block in L1 and T10 levels (mean±SD) were 14.87±3.1 min and 21±3.37 min in group I and 17.12±2.18 min and 24.9±2.54 min in group II, respectively (P< 0.025 and P< 0.001, respectively). Times to termination of sensory anesthesia at the maximum level of anesthesia and two dermatomes regression were 75.12±8.26 min and 87.8±7.01 min in group I and 116.37±22.4 min and 134.87±21.64 min in group II, respectively ( P= 0 and P=0,respectively). Mixing lidocaine 2% with bupivacaine 0.5% in a 1:1 ratio compared to 0.5% bupivacaine solution results in significantly more rapid initiation and termination of sensory block

Perceptual-behavioral impact of neighborhood open spaces on student health

Open urban spaces and contemporary urban neighborhoods are not compatible with the physical and mental characteristics of Iranian male and female students. The per capita restriction of educational spaces in schools threatens the quantitative and qualitative limitation of contemporary residential homes and the prevalence of students' environmental lifestyle machine health patterns. Symptoms such as students' high dependence on horseback riding from home to school, construction of schools without desirable open spaces, expansion of apartment living and housing at least without yard and desirable open spaces, continuous TV viewing, excessive computer use, nutrition patterns Unhealthy and the prevalence of phenomena such as overweight and obesity, social avoidance and depression of some students are a confirmation of the problem of students' environmental health.In such a situation, improving urban environments and redeveloped spaces can be effective in changing some unhealthy patterns of students' perceptions and behaviors. The present article tries to introduce some of the planning and environmental design capabilities of residential neighborhoods compatible with the growth and physical and mental health of children and adolescents.Planning and designing pedestrian and bicycle paths from home to school, proper location and design of social schools, planning and design of access networks and connected local sidewalks, planning and design to prevent crime in the neighborhood, traffic calming And expanding neighborhood safety and tranquility, improving and developing neighborhood and neighborhood parks, designing beautiful local streets with environmental design and furniture and natural landscapes and rows of street trees, expanding mixed and diverse local uses and controlling average residential density to In order to increase the access to the services required by students and the socio-local interaction of students, practical solutions are suggested.Also, the development of specialized interdisciplinary research by programmers and environmental and transportation designers with students' general growth and health specialists is one of the proposed research fields