Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocytes

Acute and chronic liver diseases are common in Kazakhstan and other countries. These diseases are known to cause significant disability and death. In many cases, liver transplantation is the last resort for patients with end stage liver disease, but it is an extremely expensive procedure and is associated with many risks. The most important among them is an immune rejection. Autologous cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic approach for liver regeneration and could become an alternative to organ transplantation. In this regard, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a very attractive source for differentiation into hepatocytes. These cells can be isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissue of the patient and exponentially expanded in vitro. Transplantation of hepatocytes differentiated from MSCs could become a new promising approach in treatment of the patients with chronic liver conditions

Isolation of primary human hepatocytes from cirrhotic liver

Chronic degenerative liver diseases are among most complex social, clinical and epidemiological health problems worldwide. This is due to the steady increase in the incidence and mortality of patients with this pathology. Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only way to save the lives of patients with decompensated diffuse and focal lesions of the liver. One-year survival after liver transplantation reaches 60-80%, but more than half of the patients on the waiting list do not survive until operation. In this regard, hepatocyte transplantation could be an option for the patients who are on the waiting list for organ transplantation

Isolation of primary human hepatocytes from cirrhotic liver

Chronic degenerative liver diseases are among most complex social, clinical and epidemiological health problems worldwide. This is due to the steady increase in the incidence and mortality of patients with this pathology. Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only way to save the lives of patients with decompensated diffuse and focal lesions of the liver. One-year survival after liver transplantation reaches 60-80%, but more than half of the patients on the waiting list do not survive until operation. In this regard, hepatocyte transplantation could be an option for the patients who are on the waiting list for organ transplantation

Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocytes

Acute and chronic liver diseases are common in Kazakhstan and other countries. These diseases are known to cause significant disability and death. In many cases, liver transplantation is the last resort for patients with end stage liver disease, but it is an extremely expensive procedure and is associated with many risks. The most important among them is an immune rejection. Autologous cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic approach for liver regeneration and could become an alternative to organ transplantation. In this regard, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a very attractive source for differentiation into hepatocytes. These cells can be isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissue of the patient and exponentially expanded in vitro. Transplantation of hepatocytes differentiated from MSCs could become a new promising approach in treatment of the patients with chronic liver conditions

Freshwater Cyanobacterial Toxins, Cyanopeptides and Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Cyanobacteria produce a wide range of structurally diverse cyanotoxins and bioactive cyanopeptides in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. The health significance of these metabolites, which include genotoxic- and neurotoxic agents, is confirmed by continued associations between the occurrence of animal and human acute toxic events and, in the long term, by associations between cyanobacteria and neurodegenerative diseases. Major mechanisms related to the neurotoxicity of cyanobacteria compounds include (1) blocking of key proteins and channels; (2) inhibition of essential enzymes in mammalian cells such as protein phosphatases and phosphoprotein phosphatases as well as new molecular targets such as toll-like receptors 4 and 8. One of the widely discussed implicated mechanisms includes a misincorporation of cyanobacterial non-proteogenic amino acids. Recent research provides evidence that non-proteinogenic amino acid BMAA produced by cyanobacteria have multiple effects on translation process and bypasses the proof-reading ability of the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase. Aberrant proteins generated by non-canonical translation may be a factor in neuronal death and neurodegeneration. We hypothesize that the production of cyanopeptides and non-canonical amino acids is a more general mechanism, leading to mistranslation, affecting protein homeostasis, and targeting mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. It can be evolutionarily ancient and initially developed to control phytoplankton communities during algal blooms. Outcompeting gut symbiotic microorganisms may lead to dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, a shift in blood-brain-barrier functionality, and eventually, mitochondrial dysfunction in high-energy demanding neurons. A better understanding of the interaction between cyanopeptides metabolism and the nervous system will be crucial to target or to prevent neurodegenerative diseases

DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE MODEL OF BLOOD FLOW IN THE LIVER

This paper discusses the prerequisites for the creation, as well as the main stages for the development of a prototype model of normal liver blood flow

Problems of Differentiation of Recurrent Glial Tumor from Necrosis by MRI Images

This paper discusses the problems of diagnosing necrosis and recurrence of glial brain tumors and ways to solve these problems

Sequence analysis of the non-coding control region of John Cunningham virus isolates from patients with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab

Introduction. The John Cunningham virus (JCPyV) causes a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). In healthy people, the JCPyV non-coding control region (NCCR) is not rearranged, while NCCRs in immunocompromised patients are characterized by frequent rearrangements and can be associated with PML development. Therefore, patients treated with natalizumab, which decreases the migration of leukocytes and monocytes through the blood-brain barrier to inflammatory foci, are at increased risk of developing PML. The purpose of the study was to analyze NCCR sequences of JCPyV isolates from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with natalizumab. Materials and methods. A total of 26 blood plasma samples and 8 cerebrospinal fluid samples were analyzed using nested PCR to study the JCPyV NCCR structure in Russian MS patients treated with natalizumab. The NCCRs present in the samples were cloned and sequenced by Sanger sequencing. All the JCPyV NCCR sequences were compared with the archetype sequence and mapped. The NCCR sequences were also examined for presence of putative transcription factor binding sites. Results. A total of 48 NCCR sequences were found. The analysis showed that up to 55% of NCCRs were identified as rearranged NCCRs, while the other were archetype-like NCCRs. All the sequences can be divided into 6 types with one dominant rearrangement pattern. This rearranged NCCR was also found in a patient with the confirmed PML diagnosis and a poor prognosis. All the rearranged NCCRs were characterized by the presence of additional transcription factor binding sites. Conclusion. The study has helped identify previously unknown NCCR patterns typical of MS patients treated with natalizumab in Russia, thus confirming the need for the further research on NCCR rearrangements in MS patients undergoing natalizumab treatment to gain better understanding of the origin of neurovirulent JCPyV variants

The method of translation additive and multiplicative error in the instrumental component of the measurement uncertainty

The paper proposes a method of conversion additive and multiplicative errors, mathematical models are obtained by a Taylor expansion of the transformation equations used measuring instruments in the instrumental component of the measurement uncertainty