Doppler ultrasound and renal artery stenosis: An overview

La malattia nefrovascolare \ue8 un disordine complesso e le cause pi\uf9 comuni sono la malattia aterosclerotica e la displasia fibromuscolare. Classicamente si presenta in una delle seguenti tre forme: stenosi dell'arteria renale (SAR) asintomatica, associata a ipertensione nefrovascolare e/o con nefropatia ischemica. La SAR su base aterosclerotica \ue8 una malattia progressiva che pu\uf2 determinare in maniera asintomatica o paucisintomatica perdita graduale della funzione renale. Per tale motivo, la diagnosi precoce di SAR \ue8 un obiettivo clinico importante poich\ue9 la terapia interventistica pu\uf2 migliorare o curare l'ipertensione e preservare la funzione renale. Lo screening per SAR \ue8 indicato nel sospetto di ipertensione nefrovascolare o di nefropatia ischemica al fine di identificare i pazienti in cui \ue8 indicato un intervento di rivascolarizzazione. I test di screening per SAR sono migliorati considerevolmente durante l'ultimo decennio. Mentre la scintigrafia con test al captopril \ue8 stata utilizzata quasi esclusivamente nel passato, l'ecocolorDoppler delle arterie renali, l'angioTC e/o l'angioRM hanno sostituito le altre modalit\ue0 di screening in molti centri. Per tale motivo l'arteriografia riveste sempre pi\uf9 un ruolo interventistico e solo di rado diagnostico. L'ecocolorDoppler \ue8 una procedura diagnostica non invasiva, ripetibile e relativamente economica che negli ultimi anni, in mani esperte, si \ue8 accreditata sempre pi\uf9 come ottimo strumento di screening di malattia nefrovascolare. Inoltre, la determinazione dell'indice di resistenza sembra essere utile nei pazienti con SAR per la capacit\ue0 di predire la risposta alla rivascolarizzazione. Tuttavia, quando esiste una discrepanza fra i dati clinici e i risultati dell'ecocolorDoppler \ue8 indicato il ricorso ad altre procedure diagnostiche.Renovascular disease is a complex disorder, most commonly caused by fibromuscular dysplasia and atherosclerotic diseases. It can be found in one of three forms: asymptomatic renal artery stenosis (RAS), renovascular hypertension, and ischemic nephropathy. Particularly, the atherosclerotic form is a progressive disease that may lead to gradual and silent loss of renal function. Thus, early diagnosis of RAS is an important clinical objective since interventional therapy may improve or cure hypertension and preserve renal function. Screening for RAS is indicated in suspected renovascular hypertension or ischemic nephropathy, in order to identify patients in whom an endoluminal or surgical revascularization is advisable. Screening tests for RAS have improved considerably over the last decade. While captopril renography was widely used in the past, Doppler ultrasound (US) of the renal arteries (RAs), angio-CT, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have replaced other modalities and they are now considered the screening tests of choice. An arteriogram is rarely needed for diagnostic purposes only. Color-Doppler US (CDUS) is a noninvasive, repeatable, relatively inexpensive diagnostic procedure which can accurately screen for renovascular diseases if performed by an expert. Moreover, the evaluation of the resistive index (RI) at Doppler US may be very useful in RAS affected patients for predicting the response to revascularization. However, when a discrepancy exists between clinical data and the results of Doppler US, additional tests are mandatory

Un raro caso di ectopia renale

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Effectiveness of an innovative sensory approach to improve children’s nutritional choices

A case-control study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the Edueat® Method, through experiential workshops focused on the use of all 5 senses. In two different primary schools in the same city, questionnaires were administered in two months with a follow-up one year later. Participants: 119 children (age 8.2–9.0) chosen randomly; control group 66 (55.5%). Seven lessons of 2 h each were held in the schools by experts of the Edueat® method and seven extra lessons by the teachers. The main outcome measures were the children’s changes in their approach and attitude towards their eating habits. The answers were grouped with factor analysis and summarized through scores. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted in order to identify the relationships between scores and treatment over time. At the end of treatment, the intervention group showed a significant appreciation towards healthy foods (+4.15 vs. −0.05, p = 0.02) and a greater capacity in identifying foods which are very good for the health (+15.6 vs. +14.4, p = 0.02). In conclusion, the Edueat® method was found to be particularly promising in transmitting knowledge of those foods which are healthy. Greater involvement of teachers and parents is crucial

Early Change in Urine Protein as a Surrogate End Point in Studies of IgA Nephropathy: An Individual-Patient Meta-analysis

Background The role of change in proteinuria as a surrogate end point for randomized trials in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) has previously not been thoroughly evaluated. Study Design Individual patient–level meta-analysis. Setting & Population Individual-patient data for 830 patients from 11 randomized trials evaluating 4 intervention types (renin-angiotensin system [RAS] blockade, fish oil, immunosuppression, and steroids) examining associations between changes in urine protein and clinical end points at the individual and trial levels. Selection Criteria for Studies Randomized controlled trials of IgAN with measurements of proteinuria at baseline and a median of 9 (range, 5-12) months follow-up, with at least 1 further year of follow-up for the clinical outcome. Predictor 9-month change in proteinuria. Outcome Doubling of serum creatinine level, end-stage renal disease, or death. Results Early decline in proteinuria at 9 months was associated with lower risk for the clinical outcome (HR per 50% reduction in proteinuria, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.32-0.48) and was consistent across studies. Proportions of treatment effect on the clinical outcome explained by early decline in proteinuria were estimated at 11% (95% CI, −19% to 41%) for RAS blockade and 29% (95% CI, 6% to 53%) for steroid therapy. The direction of the pooled treatment effect on early change in proteinuria was in accord with the direction of the treatment effect on the clinical outcome for steroids and RAS blockade. Trial-level analyses estimated that the slope for the regression line for the association of treatment effects on the clinical end points and for the treatment effect on proteinuria was 2.15 (95% Bayesian credible interval, 0.10-4.32). Limitations Study population restricted to 11 trials, all having fewer than 200 patients each with a limited number of clinical events. Conclusions Results of this analysis offer novel evidence supporting the use of an early reduction in proteinuria as a surrogate end point for clinical end points in IgAN in selected settings

Sicurezza nella scelta dell'Inibitore di Pompa Protonica nel nefropatico cronico

Il paziente nefropatico cronico facilmente presenta alterazioni morfologiche e funzionali dell'apparato gastroenterico. I segni più comuni e precoci nella sindrome uremica cronica sono rappresentati dai disturbi gastrointestinali. Da alcuni decenni abbiamo a disposizione dei farmaci con potente azione inibente la secrezione acida gastrica: gli inibitori di pompa protonica (IPP) hanno una struttura chimica affine, uno stesso meccanismo d'azione e sono molto importanti per il trattamento delle patologie acido correlate, per l'eradicazione dell'Helicobacter Pylori, per la prevenzione e la cura della gastropatia da farmaci antinfiammatori non steroidei (FANS). Somministriamo ai nostri pazienti questa classe di farmaci, con terapie che continuano nel tempo, nonostante la risoluzione della malattia (gastroprotezione). Ma gli IPP possono essere utilizzati indistintamente nei nefropatici cronici oppure sarebbe utile conoscere il profilo del farmaco per una corretta scelta? In questo articolo si argomenta che i loro effetti collaterali non sono molto rilevanti e sono abbastanza simili: il loro impiego nel lungo termine è sicuro. La potenza e l'efficacia dei vari IPP, dall'analisi comparativa dei vari trial clinici, risulta essere molto simile sulla base dei milligrammi di sostanza utilizzata. L'unica eccezione illustrata in questo lavoro è rappresentata da 6 pazienti in emodialisi, trattati con lansoprazolo (15 mg), che presentavano gastriti e ulcere peptiche complicate da gravi episodi di ematemesi e melena con conseguente anemia. Tutti gli IPP hanno dimostrato un'efficacia clinica sovrapponibile, tuttavia vanno valutati di volta in volta i vantaggi (relativi) di ciascun IPP. I criteri di scelta di un IPP sembrano basati, principalmente sulle indicazioni autorizzate, sulle formulazioni disponibili, sul profilo di sicurezza del farmaco

Change in albuminuria as a surrogate endpoint for progression of kidney disease: a meta-analysis of treatment effects in randomised clinical trials

Background Change in albuminuria has strong biological plausibility as a surrogate endpoint for progression of chronic kidney disease, but empirical evidence to support its validity is lacking. We aimed to determine the association between treatment effects on early changes in albuminuria and treatment effects on clinical endpoints and surrograte endpoints, to inform the use of albuminuria as a surrogate endpoint in future randomised controlled trials. Methods In this meta-analysis, we searched PubMed for publications in English from Jan 1, 1946, to Dec 15, 2016, using search terms including “chronic kidney disease”, “chronic renal insufficiency”, “albuminuria”, “proteinuria”, and “randomized controlled trial”; key inclusion criteria were quantifiable measurements of albuminuria or proteinuria at baseline and within 12 months of follow-up and information on the incidence of end-stage kidney disease. We requested use of individual patient data from the authors of eligible studies. For all studies that the authors agreed to participate and that had sufficient data, we estimated treatment effects on 6-month change in albuminuria and the composite clinical endpoint of treated end-stage kidney disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or doubling of serum creatinine. We used a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression analysis to relate the treatment effects on albuminuria to those on the clinical endpoint across studies and developed a prediction model for the treatment effect on the clinical endpoint on the basis of the treatment effect on albuminuria. Findings We identified 41 eligible treatment comparisons from randomised trials (referred to as studies) that provided sufficient patient-level data on 29 979 participants (21 206 [71%] with diabetes). Over a median follow-up of 3·4 years (IQR 2·3–4·2), 3935 (13%) participants reached the composite clinical endpoint. Across all studies, with a meta-regression slope of 0·89 (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI] 0·13–1·70), each 30% decrease in geometric mean albuminuria by the treatment relative to the control was associated with an average 27% lower hazard for the clinical endpoint (95% BCI 5–45%; median R2 0·47, 95% BCI 0·02–0·96). The association strengthened after restricting analyses to patients with baseline albuminuria of more than 30 mg/g (ie, 3·4 mg/mmol; R2 0·72, 0·05–0·99]). For future trials, the model predicts that treatments that decrease the geometric mean albuminuria to 0·7 (ie, 30% decrease in albuminuria) relative to the control will provide an average hazard ratio (HR) for the clinical endpoint of 0·68, and 95% of sufficiently large studies would have HRs between 0·47 and 0·95. Interpretation Our results support a role for change in albuminuria as a surrogate endpoint for the progression of chronic kidney disease, particularly in patients with high baseline albuminuria; for patients with low baseline levels of albuminuria this association is less certain

A meta-analysis of GFR slope as a surrogate endpoint for kidney failure

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline is causally associated with kidney failure and is a candidate surrogate endpoint for clinical trials of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. Analyses across a diverse spectrum of interventions and populations is required for acceptance of GFR decline as an endpoint. In an analysis of individual participant data, for each of 66 studies (total of 186,312 participants), we estimated treatment effects on the total GFR slope, computed from baseline to 3 years, and chronic slope, starting at 3 months after randomization, and on the clinical endpoint (doubling of serum creatinine, GFR < 15 ml min−1 per 1.73 m2 or kidney failure with replacement therapy). We used a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression model to relate treatment effects on GFR slope with those on the clinical endpoint across all studies and by disease groups (diabetes, glomerular diseases, CKD or cardiovascular diseases). Treatment effects on the clinical endpoint were strongly associated with treatment effects on total slope (median coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.97 (95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI) 0.82–1.00)) and moderately associated with those on chronic slope (R2 = 0.55 (95% BCI 0.25–0.77)). There was no evidence of heterogeneity across disease. Our results support the use of total slope as a primary endpoint for clinical trials of CKD progression

Steroids and immunoglobulin A nephritis

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