Fluctuation dynamics of a single magnetic chain

"Tunable" fluids such as magnetorheological "MR" and electrorheological "ER" fluids are comprised of paramagnetic or dielectric particles suspended in a low-viscosity liquid. Upon the application of a magnetic or electric field, these fluids display a dramatic, reversible, and rapid increase of the viscosity. This change in viscosity can, in fact, be tuned by varying the applied field, hence the name "tunable fluids". This effect is due to longitudinal aggregation of the particles into chains in the direction of the applied field and the subsequent lateral aggregation into larger semisolid domains. A recent theoretical model by Halsey and Toor "HT" explains chain aggregation in dipolar fluids by a fluctuation-mediated long-range interaction between chains and predicts that this interaction will be equally efficient at all applied fields. This paper describes video-microscopy observations of long, isolated magnetic chains that test HT theory. The measurements show that, in contrast to the HT theory, chain aggregation occurs more efficiently at higher magnetic field strength (H0) and that this efficiency scales as H0½. Our experiments also yield the steady-state and time-dependent fluctuation spectra C(x,x')≡ [h(x)-h(x')]²>½ and C(x,x',t,t')≡ ½ for the instantaneous deviation h(x,t) from an axis parallel to the field direction to a point x on the chain. Results show that the steady-state fluctuation growth is similar to a biased random walk with respect to the interspacing ͉ |x-x'| along the chain, C(x,x')≈|x-x'| α, with a roughness exponent α =0.53±0.02. This result is partially confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations. Time-dependent results also show that chain relaxation is slowed down with respect to classical Brownian diffusion due to the magnetic chain connectivity, C(x,x',t,t')≈|t-t'|β, with a growth exponent β=0.35±0.05<½. All data can be collapsed onto a single curve according to C(x,x',t,t')≈|x-x'| α ψ (|t-t'| / |x-x'| z ), with a dynamic exponent z= α /β≅ 1.42

Changes induced by UV radiation in the presence of sodium benzoate in films formulated with polyvinyl alcohol and carboxymethyl cellulose

This work was focused on: i) developing single and blend films based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) studying their properties, ii) analyzing the interactions between CMC and PVOH and their modifications UV-induced in the presence of sodium benzoate (SB), and iii) evaluating the antimicrobial capacity of blend films containing SB with and without UV treatment. Once the blend films with SB were exposed to UV radiation, they exhibited lower moisture content as well as a greater elongation at break and rougher surfaces compared to those without treatment. Considering oxygen barrier properties, the low values obtained would allow their application as packaging with selective oxygen permeability. Moreover, the characteristics of the amorphous phase of the matrix prevailed with a rearrangement of the structure of the polymer chain, causing a decrease of the crystallinity degree. These results were supported by X-rays and DSC analysis. FT-IR spectra reflected some degree of polymer–polymer interaction at a molecular level in the amorphous regions. The incorporation of sodium benzoate combined with UV treatment in blend films was positive from the microbial point of view because of the growth inhibition of a wide spectrum of microorganisms. From a physicochemical perspective, the UV treatment of films also changed their morphology rendering them more insoluble in water, turning the functionalized blend films into a potential material to be applied as food packaging.Fil: Villarruel, S.. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; ArgentinaFil: Giannuzzi, Leda. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Rivero, Sandra G. M.. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Pinotti, Adriana Noemi. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentin

Is Low-Level Laser Therapy an Effective Treatment for Patients with Primary Raynaud’s Phenomenon?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this selective EBM review is to determine whether or not low-level laser therapy is an effective treatment for patients with primary Raynaud’s Phenomenon. STUDY DESIGN: Review of three randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials, published between 2002-2004. DATA SOURCES: Randomized, double blind clinical trials comparing low-level laser therapy with a placebo treatment were found using the Cochrane databases, and PubMed. OUTCOME MEASURED: Reduction in frequency and severity of Raynaud’s attacks. Outcomes were measured and recorded with daily diaries of attacks before and after the intervention, and thermographic studies. RESULTS: Three RCTs were included in this review. The RCT by Hirschl et al. 2002, showed a decrease in frequency of attacks from 0.86 to 0.67 with the laser therapy, which was more than with the sham treatment, but not statistically significant. It was, however, significant in lowering the intensity of attacks. The RCT by Hirschl et al. 2004 showed that both the number of attacks and their intensity were significantly reduced during the period of laser therapy compared to the sham treatment. Intensity of attacks was reduced 82% with laser therapy. The RCT by Al-Awami et al. 2004, also showed a statistically significant improvement in both frequency and intensity of attacks. CONCLUSIONS: All three RCTs showed that low level laser therapy decreased the frequency or intensity of Raynaud’s attacks more effectively than when exposed to a sham treatment, and it seems to be an option for treating these attacks. Further studies should be conducted to understand the pathogenetic mechanism of LLLT on Raynaud’s phenomenon and it’s place in treatment

Análisis diagenético de tetrápodos del Triásico Superior, Grupo Puesto Viejo, Argentina

The Puesto Viejo Group crops out in the San Rafael Block, southwest Mendoza, Argentina. This group is an important unit for the knowledge theTriassic faunas. It is composed of basal Quebrada de los Fósiles Formation (QF) overlying by the Río Seco de la Quebrada Formation (RSQ). In this study, we report tetrapod remains from the RSQ Formation that includes, until now, exclusively therapsids. Non-mammalian therapsids predominated in terrestrial ecosystems during the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic. Although cynodonts and dicynodonts have been studied from several perspectives, the relation between taxa and sedimentary context has been scarcely documented. This study is aimed to elucidate the diagenesis of tetrapods from the Puesto Viejo Group and its relation to depositional environment. Diagenetic features of therapsid bones from the RSQ Formation were analyzed through thin sections to interpret the degree of taphonomic alteration. Diagenetic processes inferred include substitution; fracturing; brittle deformation and different permineralization events. Combined analyses through scanning electron microscopy; energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX); X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and petrographic studies reveals the substitution of hydroxyapatite by francolite. The presence of fluorine in some samples suggests a link between the elemental composition and depositional environments: floodplain and crevasse splay. Permineralization stages include infilling of vascular canals, trabeculae and fractures with iron oxides and iron carbonate minerals during the burial history. This contribution represents a relevant approach to elucidate the relation between diagenesis on tetrapods and their paleoenvironments, as exemplified in this case study from the Puesto Viejo Group during the Upper Triassic.El Grupo Puesto Viejo aflora en el Bloque San Rafael, en el suroeste de Mendoza, Argentina. Este grupo constituye una importante unidad para el conocimiento de las faunas del Triásico y está compuesto en su base, por la Formación Quebrada de los Fósiles (QF), superpuesta por la Formación Río Seco de la Quebrada (RSQ). En este estudio, se reportan restos de tetrápodos de la Formación RSQ que incluye, hasta ahora, exclusivamente terápsidos. Los terápsidos no-mamiferoides predominaron en los ecosistemas terrestres durante el Paleozoico tardío y el Mesozoico temprano. A pesar de que cinodontes y dicinodontes han sido estudiados desde varias perspectivas, la relación entre los taxones y su contexto sedimentario está escasamente documentado. Este estudio tiene como objetivo dilucidar la diagénesis de los tetrápodos del grupo Puesto Viejo y su relación con el ambiente depositacional. Las características diagenéticas de los huesos de terápsidos de la Formación RSQ se analizaron a través de secciones delgadas para interpretar el grado de alteración tafonómica. Los procesos diagenéticos inferidos incluyen la sustitución, fracturación, deformación frágil y diferentes eventos de permineralización. El análisis combinado a través de microscopía electrónica de barrido, espectrometría de rayos X de energía dispersiva (SEM-EDX), difractometría de rayos X (DRX) y estudios petrográficos revelaron la sustitución de la hidroxiapatita por francolita. La presencia de flúor en algunas muestras sugiere la vinculación entre la composición elemental y los ambientes depositacionales: llanura de inundación y lóbulo de desbordamiento. Las etapas de permineralización incluyen el relleno de canales vasculares, trabéculas y fracturas con óxidos de hierro y carbonatos de hierro durante la historia de enterramiento. Esta contribución representa un enfoque relevante para dilucidar la relación entre la diagénesis de tetrápodos y sus paleoambientes, como lo demuestra este estudio de caso del Grupo Puesto Viejo durante el Triásico Superior.Fil: Previtera, Maria Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Mancuso, Adriana Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: de la Fuente, Marcelo Saul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael - Ianigla | Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael - Ianigla | Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael - Ianigla; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez, Eloy S.. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Laboratorio de Microscopia Electrónica y Microanálisis; Argentin