Standing-stock and potential of phytoplankton production in the bay of Santos, Brazil

Phytoplankton primary production and the maximum photo synthetic index (Pb m) from the region of Bay of Santos were measured every two months during 1976 by simulated incubations using 14C method and incandescent lamps (737 µE.m-2 .s-1;40 klux) . The results obtained for production rates (maximum of 204.6 mgC.m-3.hr-1 in winter and 488.3 mgC m-3.hr-1 in summer) are among the highest recorded for tropical marine environments. A high capability of light adaptation under high temperatures was also verified. The photo synthetic indexes obtained were also very high and seems to be due to the high nutrient level of the region. The eutrophic state is supported by the high nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations and by the phytoplankton cells number

Bio-Optical Properties of the Inner Continental Shelf off Santos Estuarine System, Southeastern Brazil, and their Implications for Ocean Color Algorithm Performance

Optical characterizations of coastal water masses are important tools for a better understanding of physical and biochemical processes and aid the optimization of ocean color algorithms. In this study we present three optical classes of water observed during October/2005 and March/2006 on the inner continental shelf adjacent to Santos Bay (Brazil), based on remote sensing reflectance. ANOVA indicated a crescent estuarine influence in classes 1 to 3. Class 3 presented the highest chlorophyll-a and nutrient concentration and highest light absorption coefficients. Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) dominated the light absorption in all classes and was strongly correlated to salinity in October/2005 due to the influence of the La Plata plume. The results indicated that CDOM dynamics in the Santos inner shelf are very complex. The performance of global chlorophyll algorithms was significantly smaller for October/2005 than for March/2006. As inconsistent changes in light absorption spectra by phytoplankton were detected between samplings, the results show that future bio-optical algorithms for this region must be optimized preferentially considering CDOM optical parameters.A classificação ótica de massas de água costeira auxilia na compreensão de processos físicos e biogeoquímicos e permite otimizar algoritmos de cor do oceano. Neste estudo, identificamos 3 classes óticas de águas na plataforma continental interna adjacente à Baía de Santos (Brasil), com base na reflectância de sensoriamento remoto observada durante outubro/2005 e março/2006. ANOVA indicou influência estuarina crescente entre as classes 1 a 3, sendo que a última apresentou altos valores de clorofila-a, nutrientes e coeficientes de absorção da luz. A matéria orgânica dissolvida colorida (MODC) dominou a absorção da luz em todas as classes, mostrando forte correlação com a salinidade em outubro/2005, sugerindo influência da pluma do rio da Prata na região. Os resultados indicam dinâmica bastante complexa da MODC na plataforma interna de Santos. O desempenho do algoritmo global para clorofila-a (OC3), testado pelos dados radiométricos e de clorofila-a in situ, foi bem inferior em outubro/2005 comparado a março/2006. Como não houve mudanças substanciais nos espectros de absorção pelo fitoplâncton entre as duas épocas, os resultados mostram que as propriedades de absorção da luz pela MODC devem ser consideradas prioritariamente na otimização de algoritmos bio-óticos na região

Short-term variability and transport of nutrients and Chlorophyll-a in Bertioga Channel, São Paulo State, Brazil

Variações de curta escala das concentrações de nutrientes, clorofila-a (Cl-a) e séston foram acompanhadas em uma estação fixa no canal de Bertioga (CB), sudeste do Brasil, em dois ciclos completos de maré de quadratura e sizígia, no inverno de 1991. Dados simultâneos da estrutura hidrográfica, marés e correntes permitiram calcular o transporte resultante daquelas propriedades. A advecção por maré e o fluxo de água doce foram as principais forçantes da estrutura hidrográfica e da distribuição de nutrientes e Cl-a. As concentrações médias de NID e fosfato foram altas (respectivamente: 16,88 e 0,98 ¼M na quadratura e 10,18 e 0,77 ¼M na sizígia). Apesar da disponibilidade de N e P, os valores médios de Cl-a foram baixos: 1,13 mg m-3 (na quadratura) e 3,11 mg m-3 (sizígia), sugerindo que a alta taxa de renovação das águas do CB limitam o acúmulo de fitoplâncton. Os maiores valores de Cl-a relacionaram-se à entrada de águas costeiras enquanto que as altas concentrações de nutrientes foram relacionadas às águas salobras. Os nutrientes dissolvidos foram exportados em ambas as marés, séston e Cl-a foram exportados na sizígia e, na quadratura, a Cl-a foi importada. O estudo dos principais componentes do transporte indicou uma susceptibilidade desse sistema à introdução de poluentes oriundos da área costeira, revelando uma potencial fragilidade ambiental.Short-term variability of nutrients, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and seston (TSS) concentrations were followed up at a fixed station in the Bertioga Channel (BC), Southeastern Brazil, over two full tidal cycles of neap and spring tides, during the winter of 1991. Simultaneous data on hydrographic structure, tidal level and currents allowed the computation of the net transport of those properties. Tidal advection and freshwater flow were the main forcing agents on the water column structure, nutrient availability and Chl-a distribution. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate average values were high (16.88 and 0.98 ¼M, respectively, at neap tide and 10.18 and 0.77¼M at spring tide). Despite N and P availability, Chl-a average values were low: 1.13 in the neap and 3.11 mg m-3 in the spring tide, suggesting that the renovation rate of BC waters limits phytoplankton accumulation inside the estuary. The highest Chl-a was associated with the entrance of saltier waters, while the high nutrient concentrations were associated with brackish waters. Nutrients were exported on both tides, TSS and Chl-a were exported on the spring tide and Chl-a was imported on the neap tide. The study of the main transport components indicated that this system is susceptible to the occasional introduction of pollutants from the coastal area, thus presenting a facet of potential fragility

Instantaneous transport of salt, nutrients, suspended matter and chlorophyll-a in the tropical estuarine system of Santos

A contribuição dos canais estuarinos de Santos e São Vicente para a eutrofização da baía de Santos foi avaliada quantificando-se o transporte instantâneo de sal, fosfato e nitrogênio inorgânico dissolvido (NID), material em suspensão orgânico (MSO) e inorgânico (MSI) e clorofila-a, durante a estação seca (inverno austral- Agosto/1999) e chuvosa (verão austral- Janeiro/ 2000). As amostragens foram realizadas em períodos de sizígia e quadratura, durante as marés enchentes e vazantes, nas secções transversais das bocas dos canais de São Vicente e Santos. Os valores de transporte instantâneo obtidos durante o período de amostragem indicaram exportação de NID, principalmente sobre a forma de N-NH4 (valor máximo de 1155,1 g s-1) na estação chuvosa; importação de fosfato durante a estação seca (máximo de 385,6 g s-1) e exportação de MSI, MSO e clorofila-a em períodos de maior contribuição fluvial. Estes resultados indicam uma importante contribuição dos canais estuarinos de Santos e São Vicente para a eutrofização da baía de Santos, especialmente durante o período chuvoso.The contribution of the polluted São Vicente and Santos estuarine channels to the eutrophication of Santos bay was assessed through the quantification of instantaneous transport of salt, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate, organic and inorganic matter (OSM and ISM) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), during dry (austral winter- August/ 1999) and rainy (austral summer- January/2000) seasons. Samplings were carried out during spring and neap tides, in flood and ebb phases, in two transversal sections at the mouths of the São Vicente and Santos channels. Instantaneous transport values generally indicated importation of salt to the estuarine channels, exportation of DIN to the bay, mainly as N-NH4, at a maximum rate of 1155.1 g s-1 during the rainy season; importation of phosphate during the dry season (maximum of 385 g s-1) and exportation of ISM, OSM and Chl-a during periods of greater freshwater discharge. These results demonstrate the great contribution made by the Santos and São Vicente estuaries to the eutrophication of Santos bay, especially in the rainy season

Absence Of Zonation In A Mangrove Forest In Southeastern Brazil

The mangrove forest of the estuarine system of Santos, Brazil, occupies 71 km2 - an area consisting of a complex system of canals and rivers forming a predominantly depositional environment. The climate provides high rainfall, with no water deficit and minimum temperatures above 18oC. In this environment, 3,870 mangrove trees, distributed on 20 random transects, were identified, counted and measured and the litterfall measured. The phytosociological data (density, height and basal area) were measured in parcels at different distances from the waterline. Three species of trees were identified: Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia schaueriana and Laguncularia racemosa. The data showed large variability between stands but with no zonation perpendicular to the fringe in relation to phytosociological descriptors, the distribution of the tree species and litterfall production. This phenomenon is attributed to the low energy subsidy occurring as a function of the microtidal regime, the reduced velocity of the water in the innermost regions of the estuarine system, the homogeneous sediment (silt) and mostly the absence of any water deficit in the region. All these factors reduce the environmental gradient from the fringe to the interior of the basin. Some stands also showed immature features which were attributed to the anthropogenic impacts of many kinds, mainly over the last 60 years, that have been preventing the mangroves from attaining their full development

Pigment chromatic adaptation in Cyclotella caspia Grunow (Bacillariophyta)

The diatom Cyclotella caspia Grunow, isolated from surface waters of the Ubatuba region (São Paulo State, Brazil) was submitted to different light spectral distributions for examination of its adaptative response. Growth rate and the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, carotenoids and phaeopigments were measured under white, blue and red light of the same intensity (8 and 20 µE.cm-2.s-1). Growth rate increased under blue light while red light increased chl a concentration. The relative proportion of chl a and carotenoids did not change, demonstrating the absence of complementary chromatic adaptation.<br>A diatomácea Cyclotella caspia Grunow, isolada de águas superficiais da região de Ubatuba (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil), foi submetida a diferentes intervalos espectrais de luz com a finalidade de se examinar sua resposta adaptativa. Foram medidos a taxa de crescimento e os pigmentos fotossintéticos clorofila a, clorofila c, carotenóides e feopigmentos, sob luz branca, azul e vermelha de mesmas intensidades (8 e 20 µE.cm-2.s-1). A taxa de crescimento aumentou sob luz azul, sendo que a concentração de clorofila a aumentar sob luz vermelha. A proporção relativa de cl&#945; e carotenóides não variou, demonstrando a ausência de adapatação cromática complementar

A microcosm approach on the potential effects of the vertical mixing of water masses over the primary productivity and phytoplankton biomass in the southern Brazilian coastal region

The vertical mixing between South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) and Coastal Water (CW) was simulated through microcosm experiments using the autochthonous phytoplankton community (fraction < 150 mm), without nutrient enrichments. SACW is cold (T< 18°C) and nutrient rich, while CW is warmer (T> 20°C) and oligotrophic. The phytoplankton growth potential of SACW, CW and an equivalent mixture of both (SACW+CW) was compared, under 100, 30 and 10% of sunlight, at surface seawater temperature, in winter and summer conditions. Results demonstrate the importance of SACW as a natural eutrophication agent for the mixing layer, allowing the occurrence of new production by nutrient input, and also as a biological seeder through the development of its autochthonous phytoplankton community when it reaches the euphotic zone. The time lag for phytoplankton development during winter was around 4-5 days, against 1-2 days in summer. The hypothesis of physiological differences between surface and bottom phytoplankton populations from a deep (80 m) and thermally homogeneous water column (common winter feature) was also tested through the microcosm experiments. Results obtained clearly demonstrate that bottom water presented higher phytoplankton growth potential than the surface one.<br>A mistura vertical entre a Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS) e a Água Costeira (AC) foi simulada através de experimentos tipo microcosmos, com o fitoplâncton autóctone (fração < 150 mm) e sem enriquecimentos nutricionais. A ACAS é fria (T< 18°C) e rica em nutrientes, enquanto a AC é mais quente (T> 20°C) e oligotrófica. O potencial trófico dessas águas e de uma mistura equivalente de ambas (ACAS+AC) foi comparado a 100, 30 e 10% da luz solar, sob temperatura da água do mar na superfície, em condições de inverno e verão. Os resultados demonstram a importância da ACAS como agente fertilizador da camada de mistura tanto por introduzir nutrientes, favorecendo a ocorrência de produção nova, como pelo incremento da biomassa fitoplanctônica autóctone ao atingir a zona eufótica. A fase de adaptação observada no inverno foi de 4-5 dias enquanto no verão foi de 1-2 dias. A hipótese da existência de diferenças fisiológicas entre as populações fitoplanctônicas de superfície e fundo em uma coluna de água profunda (80 m) e termicamente homogênea (padrão comum de inverno) foi também testada utilizando microcosmos. Os resultados mostraram que potencial de crescimento fitoplanctônico nas águas de fundo foi significativamente maior que nas de superfície