Efeito dos óleos essenciais na qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum

Essential oils are presented as a promising alternative in the treatment of seeds, thus requiring studies to evaluate their effects on seed quality. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of essential oils of eucalyptus citriodora (Corymbia citriodora), clove (Eugenia caryophyllus) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) on the physiological and sanitary quality of paricá (Schizolobium parahyba var amazonicum) seeds. Initially, the fungi present in the seeds were identified through the sanity test (Blotter test) in BOD at 25 ºC and photoperiod of 12 hours for seven days. In the germination analysis, the seeds were subjected to asepsis with deionized water solution (control), captan-based fungicide (positive control), sodium hypochlorite (positive control), essential oils of C. citriodora, E. caryophyllus and C. sinensis. Then, they were sown in vermiculite substrate and placed in BOD at 30 ºC and photoperiod of 12 hours. The fungi Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Rhizopus sp. In all variables, the best results were verified with the use of the fungicide. However, the treatment with essential oil of C. citriodora promoted superior results when compared to the treatment with sodium hypochlorite and with C. sinensis oil. It is concluded that treatment with fungicide provided better physiological and sanitary quality of parica seeds and among alternative treatments tested, the essential oil of C. citriodora presented performance on seed quality.Os óleos essenciais apresentam-se como alternativa promissora no tratamento sanitário de sementes, necessitando assim de estudos que avaliem seus efeitos sobre a qualidade das sementes. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos óleos essenciais de eucalipto citriodora (Corymbia citriodora Hook.), cravo-da-índia (Eugenia caryophyllus Thunb.) e laranja doce (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes de paricá (Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum Huber ex Ducke). Inicialmente, identificou-se os fungos presentes nas sementes através do teste de sanidade (Blotter test) em BOD a 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas durante sete dias. Na análise de germinação as sementes foram submetidas a assepsia com solução de água deionizada (controle), fungicida a base de captana (controle positivo), hipoclorito de sódio (controle positivo) e óleos essenciais de C. citriodora, E. caryophyllus e C. sinensis. Em seguida, foram semeadas em substrato vermiculita e acondicionadas em BOD a 30 ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Foram identificados os fungos Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. e Rhizopus sp. Em todas as variáveis, os melhores resultados foram verificados com uso do fungicida. Contudo, o tratamento com óleo essencial de C. citriodora apresentou diferença significativa   em comparação ao tratamento com hipoclorito de sódio e com óleo de C. sinensis. Conclui-se que o tratamento com fungicida a base de captana propiciou melhor qualidade fisiológica e sanitária para as sementes de paricá e entre os tratamentos alternativos testados, o óleo essencial de eucalipto citriodora (Corymbia citriodora) apresentou melhor desempenho sobre a qualidade das sementes

Estresse salino e radiação UV-B modula crescimento, fisiologia e teor de 20-hidroxiecdisona em Ginseng-brasileiro [Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.)

The phytoecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is a secondary metabolite with high agrochemical, biotechnological and pharmacological potential, produced only by certain plant species. However, in relation to 20E, it is emphasized that: (i) the biosynthetic pathway is not fully elucidated in plants; (ii) it is not clear its real function in plants; (iii) there are few morphophysiological and molecular studies in plants that produce this metabolite; and (iv) there is a need to investigate the induction, biosynthesis, regulation and translocation of this metabolite in plants. In this sense, two experiments were performed aiming to evaluate the impact of salt stress and UV-B radiation on growth, physiology, expression of key genes involved in the biosynthesis and the 20E content in Pfaffia glomerata. In the first experiment, accession 43 (A43) plants with 40-day-old grown in greenhouse were exposed to 0-, 120-, 240-, 360- and 480-mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 11 consecutive days. In the second experiment, two accessions (A22 and A43) plants with 20-day-old grown in in vitro were exposed to 0-, 2- and 4-h UV-B radiation for 20 consecutive days. Mild salt stress (i.e., 120 mM NaCl) increased 20E concentrations in the leaves (47%) relative to the control, with no significant effect on photosynthesis and biomass accumulation. In contrast, plants under severe salt stress (i.e., 240 to 480 mM NaCl) did not increase 20E concentrations compared to the control. Additionally, severe salt stress caused marked damage in biomass accumulation and photosynthetic performance in parallel with the nutritional imbalance. To combat severe salt stress, P. glomerata plants displayed an increase in salicylic acid levels, antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory status (e.g., glucose, fructose, total amino acids, and proline). UV-B radiation differentially impacted the accessions A22 and A43. In A22, 4 h of exposure reduced biomass accumulation and electron transport rate, on the other hand, increased antioxidant activity (e.g., peroxidases), while A43 did not vary for these characteristics. Besides, only A22 increased the 20E concentration under 2 and 4 h of UV-B in leaves (28 and 21%, respectively) and roots (16 and 13%, respectively). This contrasting performance between A22 and A43 to UV-B radiation can be explained by A43 displayed 56% more anthocyanin to the former, a possible defense against UV-B. In both experiments, the production of 20E was accompanied by an upregulation of Spook and Phantom genes. The results of this work bring an unprecedented better understanding of the 20E regulation under conditions of abiotic stresses (salt stress and UV-B radiation). Finally, we provide findings that can be applied to increase 20E levels and contribute to the development of biotechnology, pharmacology and ex vitro and in vitro culture of the species.O fitoecdisteroide 20-hidroxiecdisona (20E) é um metabólito secundário com elevado potencial agroquímico, biotecnológico e farmacológico, produzido somente por determinadas espécies de plantas. Contudo, em relação ao 20E, destaque-se que: (i) a sua via biossintética não está totalmente elucidada em plantas; (ii) não se sabe a sua real função em plantas; (iii) há escassez de estudos morfofisiológico e moleculares em plantas produtoras desse metabólito; e ainda, (iv) há necessidade de se investigar a indução, biossíntese, regulação e translocação desse metabólito em plantas. Nesse sentido, dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto do estresse salino e da radiação UV-B sobre o crescimento, a fisiologia e a expressão de genes ligados à biossíntese e teor de 20E em Pfaffia glomerata. No primeiro experimento, plantas do acesso 43 (A43), com 40 dias de cultivo em casa de vegetação, foram expostas à 0, 120, 240, 360 e 480 mM de cloreto de sódio (NaCl), durante 11 dias consecutivos. No segundo experimento, plantas de dois acessos (A22 e A43), com 20 dias de cultivo in vitro, foram expostas à 0, 2 e 4 h de radiação UV- B, durante 20 dias consecutivos. O estresse salino leve (120 mM de NaCl) promoveu aumento de 20E nas folhas (47%) em relação ao controle, sem efeito significativo na fotossíntese e no acúmulo da biomassa. Em contraste, plantas sob estresse salino severo (240 a 480 mM de NaCl) não aumentaram as concentrações de 20E em comparação ao controle. Adicionalmente, o estresse salino severo causou acentuados prejuízos no acúmulo de biomassa e desempenho fotossintético em paralelo com o desequilíbrio nutricional. Para combater o estresse salino severo, plantas de P. glomerata aumentaram os níveis de ácido salicílico, atividades das enzimas antioxidantes e a osmorregulação (p.ex., glicose, frutose, aminoácidos totais e prolina). A radiação UV-B impactou diferencialmente os acessos A22 e A43. No A22, 4 h de exposição à UV-B reduziu a biomassa e taxa de transporte de elétrons, por outro lado, aumentou a atividade antioxidante (p.ex., peroxidases), enquanto o A43 não variou para essas características. Além disso, somente o A22 aumentou a concentração de 20E sob 2 e 4 h de UV-B nas folhas (28 e 21%, respectivamente) e raízes (16 e 13%, respectivamente). Esse desempenho contrastante entre A22 e A43 à radiação UV-B podem ser explicados pelo fato de o A43 ter 56% a mais de antocianina em comparação ao A22, uma possível defesa contra UV-B. Em ambos os experimentos, a produção de 20E foi acompanhada pela regulação positiva dos genes Spook e Phantom. Os resultados deste trabalho fornecem de forma inédita um melhor entendimento da regulação da produção de 20E sob condições de estresses abióticos (estresse salino e radiação UV-B). Por último, essas informações poderão ser aplicadas para aumentar os níveis de 20E e contribuir para o desenvolvimento da biotecnologia, farmacologia e cultivo ex vitro e in vitro da espécie.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

De novo assembly and transcriptome of Pfaffia glomerata uncovers the role of photoautotrophy and the P450 family genes in 20-hydroxyecdysone production

Pfaffia glomerata is a medically important species because it produces the phytoecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E). However, there has been no ready-to-use transcriptome data available in the literature for this plant. Here, we present de novo transcriptome sequencing of RNA from P. glomerata in order to investigate the 20-E production as well as to understand the biochemical pathway of secondary metabolites in this non-model species. We then analyze the effect of photoautotrophy on the production of 20-E genes phylogenetically identified followed by expression analysis. For this, total messenger RNA (mRNA) from leaves, stems, roots, and flowers was used to construct indexed mRNA libraries. Based on the similarity searches against plant non-redundant protein database, gene ontology, and eukaryotic orthologous groups, 164,439 transcripts were annotated. In addition, the effect of photoautotrophy in two genes putatively involved in the 20-E synthesis pathway was analyzed. The Phantom gene (CYP76C), a precursor of the route, showed increased expression in P. glomerata plants cultured under photoautotrophic conditions. This was accompanied by increased production of this metabolite indicating a putative involvement in 20-E synthesis. This work reveals that several genes in the P. glomerata transcriptome are related to secondary metabolism and stresses, that genes of the P450 family participate in the 20-E biosynthesis route, and that plants cultured under photoautotrophic conditions promote an upregulated Phantom gene and enhance the productivity of 20-E. The data will be used for future investigations of the 20-E synthesis pathway in P. glomerata while offering a better understanding of the metabolism of the species

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq