Reabilitação energética de um edifício de serviços: convergência para NZEB

Dissertação de Natureza Científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de EdificaçõesAs mais recentes preocupações mundiais têm-se focado sobre a forma insustentável como a população utiliza os diversos recursos energéticos existentes. Os edifícios são responsáveis por grande parte do consumo da energia mundial, facto facilmente percetível visto que atualmente grande parte do tempo é despendido dentro destes. Muitos esforços têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos como forma de proporcionar que os consumos de energia realizados pela normal utilização dos edifícios venham a ser reduzidos. Neste sentido, o conceito NZEB, surge como o mais recente esforço desenvolvido pela União Europeia, para que o consumo nos edifícios possa vir a diminuir. Este conceito surge numa época relevante, visto que grande parte do património edificado na Europa, e especialmente em Portugal, necessita de ser intervencionado. Estas intervenções, apresentam-se como uma importante ferramenta, visto que será expectável que através delas, o consumo de energia nos edifícios venha a ser diminuído. Numa primeira fase, serão nesta dissertação abordadas temáticas afetas ao consumo de energia no Mundo e na Europa. Para além disso, efetua-se uma exposição de conteúdos ligados aos diversos documentos legislativos que regulam a área da eficiência energética nos edifícios, bem como será efetuada uma especificação muito pormenorizada do conceito NZEB. Seguidamente, proceder-se-á a uma exposição de conteúdos afetos a diversas técnicas construtivas, a diferentes tipos de materiais inovadores e a um conjunto de estratégias passivas, que poderão no contexto de uma reabilitação de um edifício proporcionar uma melhoria do seu desempenho energético. Para que se pudesse aprofundar a aplicabilidade deste conceito NZEB em Portugal, procedeu-se à realização de um estudo a um edifício de serviços em Coimbra. Para a realização deste estudo, elaborou-se, numa primeira fase, uma avaliação muito técnica e pormenorizada a um conjunto de elementos existentes, que possibilitaram a caraterização energética do edifício e a construção de um modelo de simulação do mesmo. Com um conjunto de simulações de sensibilidade, foram definidas um conjunto de propostas de melhoria com vista a estimar a possibilidade de este edifício atingir uma convergência ao conceito NZEB. Com a implementação das medidas de melhoria propostas e simuladas, conseguiu-se atingir uma redução do consumo anual do edifício em cerca de 41%, em relação ao consumo anual de 2013. A contribuição das energias renováveis na redução estimada é cerca de 19%. Desta forma, com a implementação das medidas de melhoria propostas, o edifício passará a apresentar um consumo médio anual de cerca 46 kWh/m2.ano. Este valor representa um passo importante na convergência do edifício para NZEB, e vai ao encontro dos valores que outros países já estabeleceram como referencia para este tipo de edifícios.Abstract: The most recent global concerns revolve about the unsustainable way as the population uses the various existing energy resources. Buildings are responsible for much of the world's energy consumption, a fact easily noticeable since currently most of the time is spent inside them. Many efforts have been developed in order to define how to reduce the energy consumption necessary to guaranteethe normal use of a building. In this sense, the concept NZEB, comes as the latest effort from the European Union, so that consumption in buildings is likely to decrease. This concept comes at a relevant time, since much of the real estate in Europe, and especially in Portugal, are in urgent need to be rehabilitated. The real estate rehabilitation may play an important role in the reduction of energyconsumption. In the first part of this dissertation the overview of energy consumption in the world and in Europe will be addressed. In addition, several legislative documents related to energy efficiency in buildingswill be presented and a more precise specification of the NZEB concept will be developed. Additionally several construction techniques, new innovative materials of different types and a set of passive strategies, will be presented. These techniques, new materials and passive strategies provide an improvement of energy performance in the context of the rehabilitation of a building. In order to really understand the applicability of the NZEB concept in Portugal, the thorough study of a service building located in Coimbra was developed. Therefore and on a first step a very technical and detailed energy characterization of the building was developed, followed by the elaboration of a simulation model, based on an existing and adequate software program. Based on simulation a set of proposals for energy performance improvement were studied. The main objective is to evaluate the possibility of this building to achieve a NZEB performance. With the implementation of the simulated and proposed improvement measures, it was possible to achieve a reduction of 41% of the annual energy consumption of the building when compared to the annual consumption in the year 2013.The contribution of renewable energy in the estimated energy reduction is around 19%. Therefore with the implementation of the proposed improvement measures, the average energy annual consumption will be around 46 kWh/m2.year. This value is consistent with the values that other countries have set as a reference for such buildings

Histologic Evaluation of the Osteoinductive Property of Autogenous Demineralized Dentin Matrix on Surgical Bone Defects in Rabbit Skulls Using Human Amniotic Membrane for Guided Bone Regeneration

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the osteoinductive property of autogenous demineralized dentin matrix (ADDM) on experimental surgical bone defects in the parietal bone of rabbits using the guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique incorporating human amniotic membrane (HAM). Thirty-six rabbits were divided into 2 groups, HAM and ADDM+HAM. It was possible to conclude that HAM did not interfere with bone repair and was resorbed. Slices of ADDM induced direct bone formation and were incorporated by the newly formed bone tissue and remodeled. The bone defects healed faster in the ADDM+HAM group than in the group with HAM only

Antiinflammatory activity of ricinus communis derived polymer

Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of the polymer derived from Ricinus communis and its mechanism of action. Methods: The antiinflammatory activity was investigated in chronic and acute animal models and the mechanism of action involved in the antiinflammatory activity was determined by the in vitro phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme assay. Results: In mouse ear edema (10.0 mg/ear) and granulomatous tissue formation (500 mg/kg) models, the polymer inhibited the inflammatory response in 75.08 ± 1.80% and 61.70 ± 1.80% of the cases, respectively (p<0.001). Oral administration of the Ricinus communis polymer (500 mg/kg) inhibited 72.00 ± 1.20% of formalin-induced inflammation. Topical administration of the polymer on oral lesions of mice showed that the oral mucosa was recovered in 60.00 ± 1.40% (p<0.05) of the cases. In in vitro assay, the phospholipase A2 enzyme was inhibited by the Ricinus communis polymer (5.0 mg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner (84.60 ± 1.41%). Conclusion: the polymer derived from Ricinus communis showed a significant antiinflammatory activity, confirming that the pharmacological mechanism involved in this antiinflammatory action was related to the inhibition of the PLA2 enzyme

Qualitative histologic evaluation of the tissue reaction to the polyurethane resin (ricinus communis - based biopolymer) implantation assessed by light and scanning electron microscopy

The tissue reaction of bone tissue accessed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images after polyurethane resin implantation is presented in this study. Twenty four male rabbits were used, divided into two groups of 12 animals each (experimental group and control group) in which full-thickness cranial defect was surgically created. At 30 and 90 days post operation 6 animals of each group were euthanized and bone samples were removed for analysis. The microscopic results indicated no inflammatory foreign body reaction, a perfect union between the polymer and surgical bone bed surface, lack of bone resorption and presence of a thin layer of osteogenic material covering the polymer surface in contact with the surgical bone bed. The SEM images demonstrate the porosity of the resin, with diameters from 120 to 500 µm. This important feature of this polymer is associated with its osteoconductivity, allowing the bone growth inside it, improving the integration between the material and bone tissue. These results confirm that polyurethane resin derived from Ricinuscommunis is an excellent bone substitute for use in repair surgery for great bone losses

Inibição do desenvolvimento de fungos fitopatogênicos por detergente derivado de óleo da mamona (Ricinus communis) The castor oil plant detergent (Ricinus communis) inhibits the asexual development of phytopathogenic fungi

No presente estudo avaliou-se o efeito fungitóxico do detergente derivado do óleo da mamona (Ricinus communis) sobre o desenvolvimento dos fitopatógenos: Pyricularia grisea, Fusarium graminearum e Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Seis concentrações do detergente (12,5mL L-1 a 300mL L-1) foram, individualmente, incorporadas ao Meio Basal; a seguir, após inoculação fúngica, o crescimento radial dos micélios foi avaliado. A inibição total do desenvolvimento de C. lindemuthianum e P. grisea foi observada entre as concentrações de 50mL L-1 e 200mL L-1, respectivamente. Com base no crescimento miceliano das colônias de F. graminearum, a atividade antifúngica do detergente do óleo da mamona (DOM) determinou inibição variável entre 79,4 e 91% para a raça F2 e entre 80,7 e 90,7% para a raça F4. O detergente, nas concentrações de 100 a 300mL L-1, inibiu em 100% a germinação de conídios de F. graminearum (raças F-4 e F-2). Os resultados demonstram nítida atividade antifúngica do detergente derivado do óleo da mamona sobre fitopatógenos.In the present study the fungitoxic effect of the castor oil plant detergent (Ricinus communis) on the development of the phytopathogens Pyricularia grisea, Fusarium graminearum and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum was evaluated. Six concentrations of the detergent (12.5mL L-1 to 300mL L-1) had been, individually, incorporated to the Basal Medium. After fungi inoculations, the radial growth of mycelia were evaluated. Detergent at 50mL L-1 and 200mL L-1 inhibited completely the development of P. grisea and C. lindemuthianum, respectively. On the basis of the mycelial growth of F. graminearum, the fungitoxic activity of the castor oil plant detergent (DOM) determined inhibition in the range of 79.4 and 91% for the F2 race and 80.7 and 90.7% for the F4 race. Detergent at the concentrations of 100mL L-1 to 300mL L-1 inhibited in 100% the F. graminearum germination conidia (races F-4 and F-2). Results demonstrate the fungitoxic activity of the castor oil plant detergent on phytopathogenic fungi

Polyurethane derived from Ricinus Communis as graft for bone defect treatments

<div><p>Abstract This work evaluated polyurethane (Polyquil®) as a graft for treatment of bone defects. Bone defects of 1.5 × 0.5 cm were made in the calvaria of 16 rabbits. Eight animals had their defects treated with Polyurethane (Treated) and 8 of them had their defects filled with blood clot (Control). In the second experiment, segmental defects of 0.5 cm were performed at the zygomatic arch of 16 rabbits. Eight animals were treated by guided bone regeneration, using a latex membrane, associated to grafting of polyurethane while the others were not treated (Control). The bone tissue morphometry in the craniotomy experiment resulted in a higher bone volume in the Treated group at 60 days (p <0.05, t student test). Microscopic and radiographic images demonstrate the formation of a bone bridge in the segmental defect, 60 and 120 days after surgery in the Treated group, different from the Control group with incomplete healing.</p></div