50 research outputs found

    Does the First Step of the Induced-Hypocrisy Paradigm Really Matter? An Initial Investigation Using a Meta-Analytic Approach

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    International audienceThe induced-hypocrisy paradigm is an effective two-step procedure - the behavioral standards salience step and the transgressions salience step - for encouraging normative behaviors. Recent findings have raised questions about the necessity of the first step in inducing behavioral change. This research aims to test the role of the standards salience step in the hypocrisy paradigm. To this end, we used a meta-analytic approach to test the moderation of standards salience on hypocrisy effect sizes. We compared 16 studies with “strong” standards salience with 19 studies with “weak” standards salience. The results revealed that, compared with control and transgressions-only conditions, the hypocrisy effect sizes were moderate in the “strong” standards group and weak or nonsignificant in the “weak” standards group. These results contribute to the further investigation of the processes underlying the hypocrisy paradigm and represent progress by identifying the optimal conditions for implementing its first step

    La porte-au-nez : vers une interprétation en termes d'éveil et de réduction d'une dissonance

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    International audienceLe travail de recherche prĂ©sentĂ© a pour objectif de proposer et de tester une modĂ©lisation de l’effet de la porte-au-nez basĂ©e sur la thĂ©orie de la dissonance cognitive (Terrier et Joule, 2008).Le principe de la porte-au-nez (Cialdini, Vincent, Lewis, Catalan, Wheeler et Lee Darby, 1975) est d’obtenir un refus Ă  une premiĂšre demande trop coĂ»teuse (requĂȘte extrĂȘme) pour faciliter l’acceptation d’une seconde demande moins coĂ»teuse (requĂȘte cible).Une des caractĂ©ristiques indispensables pour obtenir l’effet de porte-au-nez est le caractĂšre pro-social des requĂȘtes formulĂ©es (e.g. Foehl et Goldman, 1983) – la cause est noble, louable – ce qui signifie que l’attitude des participants y est quasi systĂ©matiquement favorable. Or, comme mentionnĂ© par SĂ©nĂ©meaud, Somat, Terrier, et NoĂ«l (2008), « le coĂ»t extrĂȘme de la premiĂšre requĂȘte en situation de porte-au-nez force le sujet Ă  la refuser, i.e. Ă  refuser finalement de rĂ©aliser un comportement qui est en accord avec son attitude » (p.71). L’hypothĂšse gĂ©nĂ©rale que nous dĂ©fendons est qu’en refusant la requĂȘte extrĂȘme, les personnes seraient donc contraintes de rĂ©aliser un comportement que nous pouvons qualifier de contre-attitudinal. Dans cette logique, l’acceptation de la seconde requĂȘte aurait lieu pour rĂ©soudre l’inconfort psychologique ressenti aprĂšs le refus de la premiĂšre demande, inconfort qui s’apparenterait Ă  la tension engendrĂ©e dans des situations paradigmatiques de dissonance cognitive (cf. paradigmes de la soumission forcĂ©e, Festinger et Carlsmith, 1959 ou de l’hypocrisie induite, Aronson, Fried et Stone, 1991).L’étude prĂ©sentĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e dans le but de tester cette hypothĂšse. Son objectif est double : VĂ©rifier d’une part, que le refus de la requĂȘte extrĂȘme est bien en contradiction avec l’attitude des participants et Ă©tudier, d’autre part, les Ă©motions Ă©veillĂ©es (et rĂ©duites) en situation de porte-au-nez.L’étude, en cours de passation, se dĂ©roule en deux phases. Dans un premier temps, les participants remplissent un questionnaire permettant de mesurer leur attitude vis Ă  vis du don de sang et de plasma ainsi que leur niveau de prĂ©fĂ©rence pour la consistance (Cialdini, Trost et Newsom, 1995) afin de mesurer l’importance qu’ils attachent Ă  l’écart entre attitude et comportements. Lors de la seconde phase ayant lieu deux semaines Ă  un mois plus tard, les participants ont participĂ© individuellement Ă  une expĂ©rience dans laquelle on leur propose de s’engager Ă  faire rĂ©guliĂšrement un don de plasma pendant un an (requĂȘte extrĂȘme) puis de s’engager Ă  faire un simple don de sang (requĂȘte cible). Les Ă©motions ressenties ainsi que l’inconfort psychologique (Elliot et Devine, 1994) seront mesurĂ©es soit directement aprĂšs le refus de la requĂȘte extrĂȘme, soit aprĂšs l’acceptation vs. refus de la requĂȘte cible. Dans le groupe contrĂŽle, cette mesure sera faite directement aprĂšs l’acceptation vs. refus du don de sang.Travaux citĂ©sAronson, E., Fried, C.B., & Stone, J. (1991). Overcoming denial and increasing the intension to use condoms through the induction of hypocrisie. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 1636-1638.Cialdini, R. B., Vincent, J. E., Lewis, S. K., Catalan, J., Wheeler, D., & Lee Darby, B. L. (1975). Reciprocal Concessions Procedure for Inducing Compliance: The Door-in-the-Face Technique. Journal of personality and social psychology, 31(2), 206-215.Cialdini, R.B., Trost, M.R., & Newsom, J.T. (1995). Preference for consistency: The development of a valid measure and the discovery of surprising behavioral implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 318-328.Elliot, A. J., & Devine P. G. (1994). On the Motivational Nature of Cognitive Dissonance: Dissonance as Psychological Discomfort. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 382-394.Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J.M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210.Foehl, J. C., & Goldman, M. (1983). Increasing altruistic behavior by using compliance techniques. Journal of Social Psychology, 119, 21-29.SĂ©nĂ©meaud, C., Somat, A., Terrier, L., & NoĂ«l, Y. (2008). Porte au nez et prĂ©fĂ©rence pour la consistance: Quand les sujets Ă  forte prĂ©fĂ©rence pour la consistance ne reproduisent pas les effets de l'influence sociale. L'annĂ©e psychologique, 51-78.Terrier, L., & Joule, R-V. (2008). La procĂ©dure de porte-au-nez : Vers une interprĂ©tation motivationnelle. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 77(1), 5-14

    Norme descriptive, distance psychologique et conduites pro-environnementales : application à la problématique de la pollution due aux déchets plastiques

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    National audienceAlors que la rĂ©duction du plastique Ă  usage unique est une prioritĂ© des politiques environnementales (Loi n°2020-105), les Français jettent en moyenne 4,5 tonnes de plastiques durant leur vie (Lambert, 2019). Les consĂ©quences engendrĂ©es sur la santĂ© et la biodiversitĂ© nĂ©cessitent de promouvoir des comportements permettant de rĂ©duire la production de dĂ©chets plastiques. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude s’inscrit dans cette perspective. Communiquer au sujet de la norme descriptive (ND), i.e. sur ce que font la majoritĂ© des personnes, est un outil d’influence classique pour encourager les comportements pro-environnementaux (Farrow, Grolleau & Ibanez, 2017) et serait d’autant plus efficace lorsque la norme porte sur le contexte immĂ©diat de l’action (Goldstein, Cialdini, & Griskevicius, 2008). La proximitĂ© spatiale induite par une norme « locale » en comparaison Ă  des normes plus gĂ©nĂ©rales fait partie des hypothĂšses Ă©voquĂ©es pour expliquer cet effet (Ryoo, Hyun, & Sung, 2017). Or, d’aprĂšs la thĂ©orie des niveaux de construit (Trope & Liberman, 2010), la proximitĂ© spatiale est une des dimensions de la distance psychologique (DP), dĂ©finie comme la maniĂšre dont un objet est perçu comme proche vs Ă©loignĂ© de soi et dont l’effet sur la rĂ©alisation de comportements pro-environnementaux est largement documentĂ© (McDonald, Chai, & Newell, 2015). L’objectif de la prĂ©sente recherche est d’examiner le pouvoir modĂ©rateur de la DP vis-Ă -vis de la pollution plastique, sur le lien entre la ND et l’adoption d’alternatives au plastique. Nous nous attendons Ă  ce qu’une DP faible augmente l’effet de l’exposition Ă  la norme sur l’adoption d’écogestes associĂ©s. 365 Ă©tudiants (mĂąge = 21,09 ; s = 2,07 ; 291 F) Ă©taient assignĂ©s alĂ©atoirement Ă  l’une des deux conditions expĂ©rimentales (« exposition Ă  la norme descriptive » vs « absence d’exposition ») et rĂ©pondaient Ă  un questionnaire en ligne. Les quatre dimensions de la DP Ă  la pollution plastique Ă©taient mesurĂ©es suivies de l’intention d’utiliser un savon solide, Ă©cogeste sĂ©lectionnĂ© Ă  l’issu d’un prĂ©test comparant diverses alternatives au plastique. L’attitude, la perception de la menace et la motivation Ă©taient aussi Ă©valuĂ©es.Les rĂ©sultats ne rĂ©vĂšlent pas d’effet principal de la norme (ÎČ = -.177, t(3, 342) = -1.744, p =.082), pas d’effet d’interaction entre la norme et la DP (ÎČ = -.054, t(3, 342) = -.009, p = .933) mais un effet de la DP : moins la DP Ă  la pollution plastique est Ă©loignĂ©e, plus l’intention d’utiliser un savon solide est importante (ÎČ=-.346, t(3,342)=-6.774, p<.001) (RÂČ=.122). Les analyses complĂ©mentaires soulignent un effet de l’attitude et de la motivation (ÎČ = .601, & ÎČ = .286, p<.001). Si la DP Ă  la pollution plastique ne modĂšre pas l’effet de la ND, nos rĂ©sultats montrent qu’elle reste un paramĂštre pertinent Ă  considĂ©rer pour prĂ©dire l’intention d’utiliser un savon solide, tout comme l’attitude et l’intensitĂ© de la motivation. La discussion portera sur les mĂ©canismes Ă  l’origine de la non-reproduction de l’effet de la norme, sur les difficultĂ©s d’opĂ©rationnalisation de la DP et sur le dĂ©veloppement de stratĂ©gies efficaces pour promouvoir les conduites pro-environnementales. RĂ©fĂ©rences bibliographiquesLoi n° 2020-105 du 10 fĂ©vrier 2020 relative Ă  la lutte contre le gaspillage alimentaire et Ă  l’économie circulaire (J.O. 10 fĂ©vrier 2020). RepĂ©rĂ© Ă  : https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/af-fichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000041553759&dateTexte=20200504 Lambert, F. M. (2019). Stop aux pollutions plastiques. StratĂ©gie politique pour un usage soutenable des plastiques [PDF]. RepĂ©rĂ© Ă  https://www.fmlambert.fr/attachment/1405926/Farrow, K., Grolleau, G., & Ibanez, L. (2017). Social norms and pro-environmental behavior: a review of the evidence. Ecological Economics,140, 1-13.Goldstein, N. J., Cialdini, R. B., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of consumer Research,35(3), 472-482.Ryoo, Y., Hyun, N. K., & Sung, Y. (2017). The Effect of Descriptive Norms and Construal Level on Consumers' Sustainable Behaviors. Journal of Advertising,46(4), 536-549.Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117, 440e463.McDonald, R. I., Chai, H. Y., &Newell, B. R. (2015). Personal experience and the ‘psychological distance’of climate change: An integrative review. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 44, 109-118

    Unmasking School Bullying Witnesses: Five Different Psychological Profiles related to Intention to Defend Victims

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    International audienceWhereas defending victims can put an end to school bullying incidents, few witnesses engage in such behavior. This study aimed to explore the intention to defend victims among distinct witness profiles based on behavioral and psychological characteristics. Within the framework of the theory of planned behavior, we measured intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control to defend victims, and past reactions to bullying among 276 middle school students (55.1% male, Mage = 13.1, SD = 1.22) who had witnessed bullying. A cluster analysis identified five witness clusters. Although "prodefense," "antidefense" and "probullying" witnesses are characterized by a coherent behavioral-psychological profile in favor of or against victim support, "conflicting beliefs' witnesses" and "inconsistent witnesses" interestingly showed a beliefs conflict or psychological-behavioral gap that has never been identified before. Beyond elucidating witness characteristics, this study offers new prevention avenues adapted to each profile's deficits. Impact Statement Profiling school bullying witnesses based on their psychological characteristics, beyond their mere behavioral reactions, better accounts for the diversity of witness profiles. The "outsiders" identified in the literature are not a unitary group but can be distinguished according to three distinct psychological profiles, two of which reveal certain psychological and behavioral incoherencies. Finally, combined with a stronger or weaker intention to defend victims, the identified psychological-behavioral profiles of witnesses make it possible to consider avenues of prevention adapted to each profile's deficits

    When Attribution of Consistency Depends on Group Value: Social Valorization of Preference for Consistency in Equivalent and Asymmetric Intergroup Relations

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    International audienceThe social valorization of Preference For Consistency (PFC) was examined via a minimal group paradigm activating either equivalent or asymmetric intergroup relations. After an aesthetic judgment task and assignment to one of two groups, participants (N = 298) completed the PFC scale according to three instructions: on their own behalf, as an ingroup member, or as an outgroup member (order counter-balanced). Results showed that in equivalent intergroup relations, participants attributed greater PFC to the ingroup and to the self than to the outgroup. In asymmetric intergroup relations, participants attributed greater PFC to the high-status group and to the self than to the low-status group, and this was independent of the participants’ group membership. We discuss the contribution the minimal group paradigm can make to revealing the social valorization of psychological constructs and the mechanisms underlying the social value accorded to PFC

    Fostering victim-defending behaviors among school bullying witnesses: A longitudinal and experimental test of two new strategies for changing behavior

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    International audienceIn school bullying, witnesses play a fundamental role because their defensive reactions can stop bullying situations. However, a great majority of witnesses remain passive despite their prodefense personal beliefs. To address this gap between witnesses' beliefs and behaviors, we developed and tested two social psychology strategies, namely, the induced hypocrisy and implementation intention. In an experimental and longitudinal study (N = 101), we randomly divided 7 th-and 8 th-grade students into three conditions, namely, control, induced hypocrisy, or implementation intention. Linear mixed models showed that the two strategies immediately increased planned defending behaviors as well as self-reported defending behaviors at three months but with a stronger effect at three months for the induced hypocrisy strategy. These new prevention avenues for practitioners are discussed according to current approaches

    Jotting down notes or preparing for the future? Action identification and academic performance

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    International audienceThe purpose of the present study was both to extend the performance optimality hypothesis of action identiïŹcation theory to the realm of education and to examine the indirect role of action identiïŹcation levels and action maintenance difïŹculty on the relationship between initial and ïŹnal performance. Results demonstrated that students’ ïŹnal performance is related to their initial performance and that this relationship is mediated by the way they identify the action of “attending a class”, which is itself inconsistently mediated by action maintenance difïŹculty. These ïŹndings pave the way for new educational applications in order to improve students’ academic performance
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