Optimization of total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of a Hibiscus sabdariffa infusion using response surface methodology

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces are underutilized sources of health-promoting anthocyanins. Infusions are the most common way to consume them, but because anthocyanins are thermosensitive, prolonged extraction times at high temperatures may reduce their bioactivities, suggesting the need to identify optimal preparation conditions. Response surface methodology was used to establish calyces-to-water ratio (X1: 1–20 g/100 mL), temperature (X2: 70–100 °C), and time (X3: 1–30 min) that would produce an infusion with optimized total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant activity. Under optimum conditions (X1=10 g/100 mL, X2=88.7 °C, and X3=15.5 min) TAC was 132.7±7.8 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents (C3G)/100 mL, and antioxidant activity was 800.6±69.9 (DPPH assay), and 1792.0±153.5 (ABTS assay) μmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/100 mL. Predicted and experimental results were statistically similar. Identifying ideal processing conditions can promote consumption of an H. sabdariffa-based functional beverage with high anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity that exert health-promoting bioactivities on the consumer

Changes in Intestinal Microbiota and Predicted Metabolic Pathways During Colonic Fermentation of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)—Based Bar Indigestible Fraction

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel and pulp are a source of dietary fiber (DF) and phenolic compounds (PCs) that constituent part of the indigestible fraction (IF). This fraction reaches the colon and acts as a carbon and energy source for intestinal microbiota. The effect of mango IF on intestinal microbiota during colonic fermentation is unknown. In this study, the isolated IF of a novel ‘Ataulfo’ mango-based bar (snack) UV-C irradiated and non irradiated (UVMangoBand MangoB) were fermented. Colonic fermentation occurred in vitro under chemical-enzymatic, semi-anaerobic, batch culture and controlled pH colonic conditions. Changes in the structure of fecal microbiota were analyzed by 16s rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The community´s functional capabilities were determined in silico. The MangoB and UVMangoB increased the presence of Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Eubacterium, Fusicatenibacter, Holdemanella, Catenibacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Buttiauxella, Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Prevotella and Bacteroides genera. The alpha indexes showed a decrease in microbial diversity after 6 h of colonic fermentation. The coordinates analysis indicated any differences between irradiated and non-irradiated bar. The metabolic prediction demonstrated that MangoB and UVMangoB increase the microbiota carbohydrate metabolism pathway. This study suggests that IF of mango-based bar induced beneficial changes on microbial ecology and metabolic pathway that could be promissory to prevention or treatment of metabolic dysbiosis. However, in vivo interventions are necessary to confirm the interactions between microbiota modulating and intestinal beneficial effects

Starch digestibility and predicted glycaemic index (pGI) in starchy foods consumed in Mexico

Different starchy foods are frequently consumed in the Mexican diet. Some of them were developed by Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations. Until today, common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), tortillas made with maize (Zea mays) and related maize-based products are some of the main staple foods. Additionally, wheat-based foods are also important starch sources, incorporated in different dishes. This review deals with the in vitro digestibility of the starch fraction in foods commonly consumed in Mexico, paying attention to the addition of unconventional, natural raw materials, such as flour and starch from unripe banana, mango dietary fibre and common legumes. These ingredients enhance potential health-beneficial properties of the diet in cases of non-communicable diseases, particularly those related to obesity and glycaemic homeostasis. Since Mexico is among the countries with greatest indices of overweight and obesity, this paper reviews the in vitro starch availability features, including predicted GI, of various Mexican foods. Attention is also paid to the effect of cold storage conditions on starch digestibility. As an example, starch digestibility in blue maize tortillas(58%) is lower than in white tortillas(70–89%) and a maize tortilla/boiled bean composite dish ranks as a food with low predicted GI (pGI =51

In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of mango by-product snacks : Potential absorption of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity

Mango by-products are considered cheap sources of valuable foods and nutraceutical ingredients. In this work, antioxidant capacity (AOX), and potential absorption ability (PAA) of extractable polyphenols (EP) from mango by-product snacks (MB-S) were evaluated at different stages of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. A wheat and oat-based control snack and three MB-S formulations (F1, F2 and F3) were prepared. Mango by-products were added at the expense of wheat in MB-S (paste-peel-seed): F1 (70-30-0), F2 (70-15-15), F3 (70-7.5-22.5). The highest release of polyphenols was observed after the gastric digestion. In the intestinal stage, MB-SF1 was the snack with the highest EP content (23.39 mg GAE/g db), two times greater than the control. Gallic acid and mangiferin were the main polyphenols identified in MB-S. The incorporation of mango seed in the MB-S reduced the polyphenols PAA by 10.29%. However, compared with the control snack, consumption of 30 g MB-SF1 provided additional 45 mg polyphenols

Dietary patterns, nutritional profile, and body mass index in Mexican schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study

Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem in Mexico. In this study, childhoodspecific dietary patterns and their relationship with overweight-obesity prevalence, nutrient profiles and types of foods consumed were studied. A descriptive cross-sectional study of 724 randomly selected schoolchildren between 9 to 12 years old from Nayarit State, Mexico was performed. Data on anthropometric characteristics and food intake were recorded. Seven dietary patterns and three specific diets were identified by multivariate analysis. A dietary pattern characterized by high legume, snack and low beverage intake was negatively associated with weight and body mass index. The overall overweight and obesity prevalence was 20.2% and 20.6%, respectively. Diet type significantly influenced (p<0.05) protein, carbohydrates and fat intake but did not show correlation with the overweightobesity status. Simple sugars, candies, pastries and sweetened beverages appeared in all dietary patterns. Dietary patterns in countries with a wide gastronomic diversity should be considered to design preventive nutrition intervention programs.La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública en México. En este trabajo, se estudiaron los patrones dietéticos de escolares mexicanos y su relación con la prevalencia de sobrepeso-obesidad, el perfil de nutrientes y los principales grupos de alimentos consumidos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal descriptivo donde participaron 724 escolares seleccionados al azar de entre 9 a 12 años del Estado de Nayarit, México evaluándose las características antropométricas y la ingesta de alimentos. Siete patrones dietéticos y tres dietas específicas fueron identificados mediante análisis multivariado. Un patrón de dieta caracterizada por una alta ingesta de legumbres y aperitivos junto con una baja ingesta de bebidas azucaradas se asoció negativamente con el peso e índice de masa corporal. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue del 20.2 y 20.6%, respectivamente. El tipo de dieta influyó significativamente (p<0.05) en la ingesta de proteínas, hidratos de carbono y el consumo de grasas, pero no mostró correlación con la condición de sobrepeso-obesidad. Los azúcares simples, dulces, postres y bebidas endulzadas aparecieron en todos los patrones dietéticos. Los patrones dietéticos en los países con una gran diversidad gastronómica podrían ser considerados de interés para diseñar programas de intervención nutricional preventiva

Dietary patterns, nutritional profile, and body mass index in Mexican schoolchildren : A cross-sectional study

Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem in Mexico. In this study, childhoodspecific dietary patterns and their relationship with overweight-obesity prevalence, nutrient profiles and types of foods consumed were studied. A descriptive cross-sectional study of 724 randomly selected schoolchildren between 9 to 12 years old from Nayarit State, Mexico was performed. Data on anthropometric characteristics and food intake were recorded. Seven dietary patterns and three specific diets were identified by multivariate analysis. A dietary pattern characterized by high legume, snack and low beverage intake was negatively associated with weight and body mass index. The overall overweight and obesity prevalence was 20.2% and 20.6%, respectively. Diet type significantly influenced (p<0.05) protein, carbohydrates and fat intake but did not show correlation with the overweightobesity status. Simple sugars, candies, pastries and sweetened beverages appeared in all dietary patterns. Dietary patterns in countries with a wide gastronomic diversity should be considered to design preventive nutrition intervention programs

Bioaccesibilidad y cinética de liberación in vitro de compuestos fenólicos en algunas salsas de la cocina mexicana

The sauces in Mexican cuisine are considered as a fundamental complement for all dishes. In this work, four types of Mexican sauces (SM) were prepared: raw red sauce (SRCr), cooked red sauce (SRC), raw green sauce (SVCr), and cooked green sauce (SVC). The bioaccessibility percentage (% BA) and release rate of the phenolic compounds (CF) present in the SM was evaluated. CF released from the SM were identified and quantified by HPLC-MS in different stages of an in vitro digestion model. The % BA was ranged from 50% for the SRCr up to 62% for the SRC, similar values were obtained for SVC and SVCr. In the intestinal fraction, compounds such as, catechin and gallocatequin gallate were identified in the four types of SM. The highest PC release rate was 3.70 mg GAE/min in the SRC and 2.16 mg GAE/min in the SVC. These results suggest a rapid release of the CF in both red sauces, however, this does not affect the final CF release. Evaluation % BA of CF from different foods allows us to know how many and which are the PC that can be potentially bioavailable in the body.Las salsas en la cocina mexicana son consideradas un complemento fundamental de todos los platillos. En este trabajo se prepararon cuatro tipos de salsas mexicanas (SM): salsa roja cruda (SRCr), salsa roja cocinada (SRC), salsa verde cruda (SVCr) y salsa verde cocinada (SVC), se evaluó el porcentaje de bioaccesibilidad (%BA) y la velocidad de liberación de los compuestos fenólicos (CF) presentes en las SM. Se identificaron y cuantificaron por HPLC-MS los CF liberados de las SM en las diferentes etapas de un modelo de digestión in vitro. El %BA fue del 50% para la SRCr y hasta 62% para la SRC, valores semejantes presentaron la SVC y la SVCr. En la fracción intestinal se identificaron compuestos como catequina y galocatequín galato en los cuatro tipos de SM. La velocidad de liberación de los CF más alta fue de 3.70 mg EAG/min en la SRC y 2.16 mg EAG/min en la SVC. Los resultados sugieren una rápida liberación de los CF en ambas salsas rojas, sin embargo, esto no afecta la liberación final de los CF. Evaluar la BA de los CF de diferentes alimentos permite conocer cuántos y cuáles son los CF que potencialmente pueden estar biodisponibles en el organismo