Gamma oscillations in visual statistical learning correlate with individual behavioral differences

Statistical learning is assumed to be a fundamentally general sensory process across modalities, age, other cognitive functions, and even species. Despite this general role, behavioral testing on regularity acquisition shows great variance among individuals. The current study aimed to find neural correlates of visual statistical learning showing a correlation with behavioral results. Based on a pilot study, we conducted an EEG study where participants were exposed to associated stimulus pairs; the acquisition was tested through a familiarity test. We identified an oscillation in the gamma range (40–70 Hz, 0.5–0.75 s post-stimulus), which showed a positive correlation with the behavioral results. This change in activity was located in a left frontoparietal cluster. Based on its latency and location, this difference was identified as a late gamma activity, a correlate of model-based learning. Such learning is a summary of several top-down mechanisms that modulate the recollection of statistical relationships such as the capacity of working memory or attention. These results suggest that, during acquisition, individual behavioral variance is influenced by dominant learning processes which affect the recall of previously gained information

Effect of ionic compounds of different valences on the stability of titanium oxide colloids

Titanium oxide particles of various morphologies have been prepared for applications of scientific or industrial interest in recent decades. Besides development of novel synthetic routes and solid-state characterization of the obtained particles, colloidal stability of titanium oxide dispersions was the focus of numerous research groups due to the high importance of this topic in applications in heterogeneous systems. The influence of dissolved ionic compounds, including monovalent salts, multivalent ions and polyelectrolytes, on the charging and aggregation behaviour of titanium oxide materials of spherical and elongated structures will be discussed in the present review

Antioxidant Materials Based on 2D Nanostructures: A Review on Recent Progresses

Counteracting reactive oxygen species (ROS, e.g., superoxide radical ion, H2O2 and hydroxyl radical) is an important task in fighting against oxidative stress-related illnesses and in improving product quality in industrial manufacturing processes. This review focuses on the recent advances on two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials of antioxidant activity, which are designed for effective decomposition of ROS and thus, for reduction of oxidative stress. Some materials featured in this paper are of uni- or multi-lamellar structures modified with small molecular or enzymatic antioxidants. Others are enzyme-mimicking synthetic compounds (the so-called nanozymes) prepared without antioxidant additives. However, carbon-based materials will not be included, as they were extensively reviewed in the recent past from similar aspects. Given the landmark development around the 2D materials used in various bio-applications, sheet-like antioxidant compounds are of great interest in the scientific and technological communities. Therefore, the authors hope that this review on the recent progresses will be helpful especially for researchers working on novel developments to substantially reduce oxidative stress either in biological systems or industrial liquors