Identificación del virus del dengue en poblaciones de Aedes albopictus en Guadalupe y Santiago, Nuevo León.

El virus del dengue esta distribuido en áreas tropicales y subtropicales en todo el mundo y es la causa del dengue clásico y dengue hemorrágica. En México Ae. aegypti es el vector reconocido del virus. Sin embargo, los vectores presentes en el estado de Nuevo León, son Ae. aegypti y Ae. albopictus. La incriminación de Ae. albopictus con el virus del dengue aún no ha sido evaluada en esta región del país. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el papel de este vector en la transmisión del dengue en áreas suburbanas circundantes al área metropolitana de Monterrey. De abril a octubre del 2010, se colectaron huevos y adultos de la especie Aedes utilizando ovitrampas y un aspirador motorizado de espalda respectivamente. El estudio se llevó a cabo en cinco localidades de los municipios: Santiago y Guadalupe obteniendo un total de 1,836 adultos Ae. albopictus y 833 Ae. aegypti colectados mediante ambos métodos. Todos los mosquitos fueron separados en 144 pools y procesados por RT-PCR para detectar el genoma del DENV y a su vez mediante una PCR anidada se intentó tipificar el serotipo presente en las muestras. El examen para detectar RNA-DENV en las muestras mostró un pool positivo de cuatro hembras Ae. albopictus criadas desde huevos obtenidos de una zona suburbana en el municipio de Santiago. Sin embargo, no fue exitosa la determinación del serotipo de DENV esto, a pesar del éxito obtenido al cultivar en células C6/36 parte de la muestra del macerado de mosquitos y haber observado efecto citopático en las células. Esta investigación proporciona información que sugiere que la transmisión transovárica del virus del dengue en Ae. albopictus ocurre naturalmente en un sitio de estudio. Además el trabajo ofrece resultados importantes que cumplen con los criterios de incriminación de esta especie como vector comprobado del dengue. ABSTRACT: Dengue virus is distributed in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide and is the cause of hemorrhagic dengue fever and dengue fever. In Mexico Ae. aegypti is the recognized vector of the virus. However, the vectors in the state of Nuevo Leon, are Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The incrimination of Ae. albopictus with dengue virus has not yet been evaluated in this region. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the role of this vector in dengue transmission in suburban areas surrounding the metropolitan area of Monterrey. From April to October 2010, we collected Aedes mosquitoes using a motorized backpack aspirator and ovitraps in five localities of Guadalupe and Santiago, Nuevo Leon. A total of 1,836 Ae. albopictus and 833 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected with both methods. Adults were separated into 144 pools and processed by RT-PCR to detect DENV genome. Then by a nested PCR was attempted to typify the serotype present in the samples. The test to detect DENV RNA in the samples showed a positive pool of four females Ae. albopictus reared from eggs obtained from a suburban area in the municipality of Santiago. However, it was no possible the determination of DENV serotype, despite the growing success in C6/36 cells in the sample of the mash for mosquitoes and the observation of cytopathic effect in cells. This research provides information that suggests that transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Ae. albopictus occurs naturally in a study site. Further work provides important results that meet the criteria of this species incrimination as vector of dengue found

Potential community-based control by use of plastic film to block aedes aegypti (L.) egg adhesion

Abstract. Monitoring and control programs for yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), usually do not focus on the egg as a potential target for control. The egg is the most numerous life stage but is invisible to conventional inspection by a sticky pad that attaches it. This laboratory study evaluated the potential ovicidal effect of five commonly used plastics. Plastic liners in oviposition containers were exposed to gravid female mosquitoes in an insectary. The percentage of eggs that hatched was recorded. The plastic liners altered the places where eggs were laid, i.e., 27.0% were glued onto the plastic film, 70.0% remained floating, and 3.0% were submerged. Vinyl blocked most egg adhesion, with a mean of 7.05 ± 10.1 eggs, compared to 170.7 ± 68.6 eggs for the check. Pooled numbers of glued, floating, and submerged eggs showed fewest eggs hatched on vinyl or low-density polyethylene, resulting in the death of 94.7% of the embryos. Plastics waterproofing property might be blocking the hyaluronic acid, the component of the sticky substance of mosquito eggs. Results demonstrated the potential use of plastic strips as an ovicide. Plastics should be studied further for use in community-based programs to control dengue

Natural transmission of dengue virus by aedes albopictus at Monterrey, Northeastern Mexico

Dengue cases occur frequently at Nuevo Leon, Mexico, where Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse) are present. Ae. albopictus is considered the second vector of dengue. Because it bites humans outdoors during the day, the mosquito plays an important role in transmission of dengue virus (DENV). However, no previous studies at Nuevo Leon indicated the role of the mosquito outdoors. To assess Ae. albopictus for dengue virus, mosquitoes were collected from April to October 2010 at five localities at Guadalupe and Santiago, Nuevo Leon, (Northeast) Mexico, by using two methods: engine backpack aspirator and ovitraps. In total, 1,836 Ae. albopictus and 833 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected by ovitrap and engine backpack aspirator methods. Groups of mosquitoes were processed by RT-PCR. Examination for DENV infection of mosquitoes showed one positive group of four female Ae. albopictus from an ovitrap. This research provided information that showed transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Ae. albopictus occurred naturally, maintaining endemic levels of disease at a study site

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes at nonresidential sites might be related to transmission of dengue virus in Monterrey, Northeastern Mexico

has been assumed to be households. In Mexico, dengue outbreaks continue year after year despite intense control efforts. Nonresidential sites (public and private spaces) infested with Aedes aegypti (L.) were evaluated. In total, 141 nonresidential sites were sampled for the presence of potential and active oviposition sites and adult mosquitoes. Eighty percent of the sites were oviposition sites; Ae. aegypti adults were recovered at 94.7% of nonresidential sites. Most female Ae. aegypti, 21.6 and 10.4, were at schools and recreational sites, respectively. Chi-squared indicated no significant differences in the dengue vector to categories of sample site

Detection of dengue virus serotype 2 in aedes aegypti in Quintana Roo, Mexico, 2011

Abstract. In October 2011, the State Health Department announced that several laboratory-confirmed cases of dengue had occurred among residents in two neighborhoods of Benito Juarez, Quintana Roo State, Mexico. To identify the dengue virus serotype(s) temporally and spatially associated with the cases, entomologic-based virus surveillance was initiated in October 2011 in both neighborhoods. Adult mosquitoes were collected from 88 houses by CDCbackpack aspirator, and all female Aedes aegypti L. (n = 419) were individually homogenized and assayed in pools of as many as 10 by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using dengue virus-specific primers. Five (12%) of 41 pools were positive for dengue virus RNA. The individual mosquitoes that comprised the pools were analyzed separately by RT-PCR using dengue virus serotype-specific primers. Six mosquitoes were positive for dengue virus serotype-2 (DENV-2) RNA, three of which were collected in the same house. The mean number of female Ae. aegypti collected in each house was 4.76 ± 6.19. The overall dengue virus-infection rate in female Ae. aegypti was 1.4%. Interestingly, most (60%) of mosquito females were collected only from 15 (17%) houses. In summary, we provide evidence of recent DENV-2 transmission in Quintana Roo State

Field Evaluation of a Novel Trap Baited with Carbon Dioxide Produced by Yeast for the Collection of Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes in Mexico

Abstract. A trap made from low-cost materials and using an attractant of a yeast mixture producing carbon dioxide was designed and evaluated to collect adult Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes. The Trap Mosquito Box prototype was tested against the "standards" BG-Sentinel traps and CDC backpack aspirator in the field

Antiretroviral Therapy-Induced Dysregulation of Gene Expression and Lipid Metabolism in HIV+ Patients: Beneficial Role of Antioxidant Phytochemicals

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has continued to be the subject of study since its discovery nearly 40 years ago. Significant advances in research and intake of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have slowed the progression and appearance of the disease symptoms and the incidence of concomitant diseases, which are the leading cause of death in HIV+ persons. However, the prolongation of ART is closely related to chronic degenerative diseases and pathologies caused by oxidative stress (OS) and alterations in lipid metabolism (increased cholesterol levels), both of which are conditions of ART. Therefore, recent research focuses on using natural therapies to diminish the effects of ART and HIV infection: regulating lipid metabolism and reducing OS status. The present review summarizes current information on OS and cholesterol metabolism in HIV+ persons and how the consumption of certain phytochemicals can modulate these. For this purpose, MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases were consulted to identify publications investigating HIV disease and natural therapies and their associated effects