Pemilihan Kombinasi Produk Kosmetika Menggunakan Algoritma Genetika

Pemilihan serangkaian produk kosmetik merupakan permasalahan kombinasi sebab seorang konsumen dapat memilih beberapa jenis produk. Pada pemilihan produk kosmetik akan melibatkan data berjumlah besar dengan setiap paket kosmetik merupakan kombinasi dari beragam produk yang terdapat di pasar. Algoritma genetika mampu melakukan optimasi terhadap permasalahan kombinasi yang melibatkan data berjumlah besar.Solusi-solusi dari pemilihan produk berupa paket-paket produk direpresentasikan dalam string-string biner. Satu string biner mewakili satu paket produk dengan setiap satu segmen terdiri dari beberapa bit merupakan representasi dari sebuah produk. Dilakukan tukar silang yang telah dimodifikasi dengan menentukan titik-titik yang akan dipilih sebagai titik tukar silang sejak pembentukan kromosom. Situasi kromosom yang tidak terdapat dalam database karena proses rekombinasi diatasi dengan dilakukan koreksi mutasi. Kromosom legal diterjemahkan dengan mengambil data-data berupa fitur-fitur produk, nama dan harga produk dari database. Data-data tersebut digunakan untuk melakukan perhitungan nilai fitness total yang bergantung pada rata-rata fitness produk dalam kromosom dan kesesuaian total harga produk dengan anggaran pengguna.Hasil pengujian menunjukkan apabila tanpa operator mutasi maka semakin besar tingkat tukar silang yang digunakan, jumlah generasi yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai suatu nilai tertentu cenderung berkurang. Namun pada pemilihan produk, nilai fitness terbaik dihasilkan dengan pemakaian mutasi yaitu pada tingkat mutasi 0.09 dan tingkat tukar silang 0.7. Pemilihan metode tukar silang dua titik yang telah dimodifikasi pada pengujian tidak cukup baik hasilnya dibandingkan dengan tukar silang satu titik

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

The global retinoblastoma outcome study : a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

DATA SHARING : The study data will become available online once all analyses are complete.BACKGROUND : Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS : We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS : The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0–36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8–100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5–93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3–82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76–50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8·98; 4·44–18·18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1·38 per year; 1·23–1·56). For children aged 3–7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0·0104 for the change in slope). INTERPRETATION : This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes.The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Wellcome Trust.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/homeam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

Peran Mediasi Kepuasan Kerja pada Hubungan Nilai Individu dan Nilai Organisasi dengan Komitmen Organisasional dan Organization Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) Karyawan Balai Besar Pom di Denpasar

Quality of human resources could affect the achievement of vision, mission and organization goal through the suitability between individual value and organization value..? This research is aimed to know role of work satisfaction mediation toward relationship between congruency individual value and organization value with organizational commitmen and employees OCB in Regional Agency of Food and Drug Control of Denpasar. Population in this research are 96 responden that work at in regional agency of food and drug control of Denpasar. Primary data was taken from respondent. Multiple regression analysis methode was used for hypothesis analysis as well ( Baron and Keynes, 1986) with SPSS version 17.0 was used as software application and then using a Sobel test to determined the effect if its significant. The result showed that (1) Congruency individual value and organization value gave significant positive effect toward Organizational Commitment (2) Congruency individual value and organization value gave significant positive effect toward OCB (3) Congruency individual value and organization value gave significant positive effect toward work satisfaction (4) Work Satisfaction gave significant positive effect toward Organizational Commitment (5) Work satisfaction gave significant positive effect toward OCB (6) Work Satisfaction gave positive partially mediation but not signifikan toward relationship congruency individual and organization value with commitment organizational and employees OCB. Suggested for further research in order to broaden the scope of research into multiple organizational and separating respondendts into each position group, as well as examining in particular the role of intrinsic job satisfaction and extrinsic job satisfaction to see more job satisfaction factors affect the value of individual relationship and organizational values to organizational commitment and employees OCB in Regional Agency of Food and Drug Control of Denpasar. Keywords: Congruency Individual Value and Organizationa Value, Work Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)

PENGANTAR PARIWISATA

Buku pariwisata ini penting dimiliki oleh setiap khalayak sebagai bentuk sumbangsih keilmuan pada dunia kepariwisataan, buku ini menyajikan hal-hal penting yang harus di miliki oleh pengelola pariwisata, sebab Pariwisata merupakan suatu hal yang dapat dijadikan objek dan daya tarik wisata baik berupa keadaan alam, flora maupun fauna hasil dari karya manusia, serta peninggalan sejarah dan budaya yang merupakan model bagi perkembangan dan peningkatan kepariwisataan di Indonesia serta berbagai macam kegiatan wisata yang didukung oleh berbagai fasilitas serta layanan yang disediakan masyarakat, pengusaha, pemerintah, dan pemerintah daerah sehingga mampu menjadikan pariwisata yang berkelanjutan. Pariwisata berkelanjutan mencakup semua segmen industri dengan pedoman dan kriteria yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi dampak lingkungan, terutama penggunaan sumber daya yang tidak terbarukan. Pariwisata berkelanjutan ini ditunjang dengan standar yang terukur, dan ditujukan untuk meningkatkan kontribusi pariwisata terhadap pembangunan berkelanjutan serta pelestarian terhadap lingkungan. Salah satu mekanisme dari pariwisata berkelanjutan adalah dengan ekowisata yang merupakan perpaduan antara konservasi dan pariwisata, yaitu pendapatan yang diperoleh dari pariwisata seharusnya dikembalikan untuk kawasan yang perlu dilindungi untuk pelestarian dan peningkatan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat di sekitarnya yang bisa dikatakan dengan system pengelolaan pariwisata. Oleh karena itu pentingnya pengelolaan pariwisata yang baik patut di terapkan dalam pengelolaan pariwisata, hadirnya buku ini akan menjadi solusi bagi para pengelola pariwisata dan sebagai dasar pemahaman seluruh khalayak