UPPER AND LOWER BOUNDS FOR THE SKEW HERMITIAN RANDIC ENERGY OF STANDARD GRAPHS

Abstract Let us consider a simple graph . The energy of the graph is defined as the sum of the absolute values of the eigen values of the adjacency matrix [1] & [2]. The energy of , denoted by , is called Skew- Hermitian Randić energy, which is defined as the sum of the absolute values of its eigenvalues of , that is, [9]. The total π electron energy of conjugated hydrocarbon molecules are closely connected with graph invariant[10],[11]. Recently based on the eigen values of graph matrices various energies are computed. For a graph matrix, we can determine the eigen values based on which we can compute the energy of the graph. In this paper, we have determined the Skew-Hermitian Randic Energy of some standard graphs[13],[14],[15]

Exploring the effectiveness of various screening criteria used in gestational diabetes mellitus

Hyperglycemia during pregnancy leads to fatal maternal and perinatal outcomes. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is diagnosed by 75 grams oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestational age as insulin resistance increases during the second trimester. Increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, Family history of DM predisposes women, particularly the Indian women to develop GDM. Existence of multiple criteria like IADPSG (International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups), WHO (World health organisation), ADA (The American diabetes association criteria, DIPSI (Diabetes in pregnancy study groups criteria) creates serious confusion in screening of GDM. Therefore, there is a need to find a effective single screening criteria.

Triangular Fuzzy Matrices

In this paper, some elementary operations on triangular fuzzy numbers are defined. we also define some operations on triangular fuzzy matrices such as trace and triangular fuzzy determinant. Using elementary operations. Some important properties of TFMS are presented. The concept of adjoints on TFM is discussed and some of their properties are. some special types of TFMs are defined and a number of properties of these TFMS are presented

VACCINE-INDUCED DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY: A CASE REPORT

Vaccines are weakened or dead microbes injected for the development of an acquired immunity as a preventive measure, also including the use of microbial proteins. The spectrum of adverse events following vaccination has been increasing as well with increasing number of reports detailing the events following immunization. The rate of morbidity and mortality of many communicable diseases has significantly decreased with time with relieve to the quality of life as well as the overall pharma economic cost. In this case report vaccine-induced developmental delay was observed in a child of 16 months of age. The child was born with low birth weight despite which the child was administered with hepatitis B vaccine, poliomyelitis vaccine, and bacillus Calmette-Guerin within 24 h of birth. Consecutive clinical outcomes followed throughout the years, which induced a developmental delay in this child. This case clearly signifies the need for more evidence-based implementation for the management of various diseases at secondary care hospitals

A PERSPECTIVE REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLE MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY TO THE CNS

Delivery of drugs into the brain is one of the most interesting and challenging areas of research. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane that separates blood from the brain in the central nervous system. It acts as a barrier to protect the brain from microbes, neurotoxins and other chemical substances and also blocks the entry of many drugs into the brain. An estimated 6.8 billion people die every year from CNS diseases like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, sclerosis, brain stroke, dementia and others. According to WHO, one billion people are affected worldwide, about 50 million suffer from epilepsy and 24 million suffer from Alzheimer and other dementias. This indicates the importance of the delivery of drugs into the brain for treating various neurological diseases and psychological disorders. In drug targeting, a concept was introduced by Dr. Paul Ehrlich as a ‘magic bullet’ that gave tremendous hope for the researches to deliver drugs into the brain. This review discuses about various drug targeting strategies and applications of nanotechnology in designing drug delivery systems with the ability to cross through the BBB for treating neurological diseases

Screening of finger millet genotypes for sodicity tolerance using the Na+/K+ ratio as a major physiological trait

Sodicity affects a larger area than salinity, but research on the sodicity tolerance mechanism is limited. The study was carried out to screen 120 finger millet genotypes under sodic soil conditions and identify sodicity-tolerant genotypes. The experimental field soil conditions were sandy clay loam with pH 8.9, electrical conductivity (EC) 0.94 dSm-1 and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 21.5, which was naturally sodic. Grain yield per plant and Na+/K+ ratio were recorded for each genotype to screen sodicity tolerance among the genotypes. A significantly higher grain yield per plant than that of the sodicity-tolerant check variety TRY 1 (23.10 g) was observed in 30 finger millet genotypes. The analysis of sodium and potassium revealed that these 30 finger millet genotypes also recorded a significantly lower Na+/K+ ratio, which is comparatively lower than that of the sodicity-tolerant check variety TRY 1 (0.23 Na+/K+ ratio). The genotypes (FIN 3045, FIN 2875, FIN 3077, FIN 3015, FIN 3063, FIN 2861, FIN 3028, FIN 2867, FIN 2854, FIN 2860, FIN 2872, FIN 2896, FIN 4268, FIN 3034, FIN 3928, FIN 3104, FIN 3965, FIN 3091, FIN 2960, FIN 3994, FIN 4198, FIN 3174, FIN 3078, FIN 4288, FIN 4202, FIN 4238, FIN 3089, FIN 4205, FIN 3966 and FIN 3182) that recorded higher grain yield per plant and lower Na+/K+ ratio can be considered sodicity tolerant. These genotypes with a high grain yield per plant and a low Na+/K+ ratio could be utilized in stress breeding programs to develop sodicity-tolerant finger millet varieties

Efficacy of Tea Tree, Sesame and Cumin Extracts against Oral Candidal Species: An In Vitro study

INTRODUCTION: Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine stated, “Let food be thy medicine and let medicine be thy food”. Authenticating this statement, bioceuticals and their role have advanced in the management of oral diseases. Use of topical and systemic drugs have had detrimental effects on oral health. To overcome this, plant extracts are alternative therapeutic agents with their limited adverse effects and salutary properties. AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the antifungal efficacy of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), sesame (Sesanum indicum) and cumin (Cuminum cyminym) extracts against the oral candidal species in comparision with clotrimazole. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An in vitro study was carried out on 30 saliva samples collected from patients, who were diagnosed and confirmed by clinical and mycological examination, as suffering from oral candidiasis and subjected to culture on CHROM agar and incubated at 37˚C for 24-48 hours. The cultured Candida species were subjected to antifungal susceptibility test by agar well diffusion method. Clotrimazole (Group I - Positive control), Tea tree extracts (Group II- 5%, Group III- 10%, Group IV - 15%, Group V - 20%, Group VI - 25%), Sesame extracts (Group VII- 5%, Group VIII- 10%, Group IX - 15%, Group X - 20%, Group XI - 25%) and Cumin extracts (Group XII- 5%, Group XIII- 10%, Group XIV - 15%, Group XV- 20%, Group XVI - 25%) were inoculated in wells and incubated. Zones of inhibitions were measured with a digital Vernier's calliper and subjected to statistical analysis. ANOVA (analysis of variance) was performed to compare inhibition zones and concentrations of all the three groups. RESULTS: Antifungal efficacy of Tea tree (Group II to VI), Sesame (Group VII to IX), Cumin (Group XII to XIV) and Clotrimazole (Group I) were statistically significant with p-value < 0.05 and insignificant for Sesame (Group X and XI). Additionally, with the increase in the concentration of the extracts, there was an increase in the inhibitory efficacy against Candida species. CONCLUSION: The present research was just a venture to usual clinical approach. The results of the study reveal that Clotrimazole had higher antimicrobial activity when compared to medicinal plants, even though extracts of tea tree, sesame and cumin extracts had antimicrobial activity and it might be possible to use it as a therapeutic agent for oral candidiasis. Thus, in view of present scenario, judicious use of such natural products might not only help to minimize the deleterious effects of synthetic drugs but also prove to be cost effective, with less toxic effect