Formación de la legislación sobre el seguro de pensiones en Francia, el Reino Unido y Rusia. Una retrospectiva

The relevance of the study is due to the crisis of modern pension insurance systems and the need to change the paradigm of pension legislation development. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in several countries (France, Great Britain, and Russia) at the initial stage of development (before 1914). The novelty is expressed both in the formulation of the problem and in the research methodology (the choice of countries and the period of research, the justification for the use of methods: dialectics, analysis, synthesis, system-structural, sociological, statistical, historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal). The result of the study was the conclusions about the historical conditionality of the peculiarities of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in a particular country. There was early legalization of both voluntary and compulsory pension insurance in France. There was no legislation on pension insurance in the UK during the period under review, despite the early development of relevant institutions in the framework of workshops, guilds, and later in the framework of trade unions and “friendly societies”. In Russia, due to the agrarian nature of the economy, pension insurance did not develop within the framework of workshops and guilds; there were no laws on insurance in case of old age by 1914, while the risks of disability and loss of the breadwinner were regulated by law.El estudio analiza la crisis de los sistemas modernos pensionales y establece la necesidad de cambiar el paradigma de la legislación de pensiones. El objetivo del estudio consiste en identificar las características de la legislación sobre los seguros pensionales de varios estados (Francia, Reino Unido y Rusia) partiendo de su etapa inicial hasta 1914. La novedad se expresa tanto en la formulación del problema como en la metodología de investigación (selección de países y período de estudio, justificación de la aplicación de los métodos: dialéctico, de análisis, de síntesis, sistémico-estructural, sociológico, estadístico, histórico-legal, comparativo-legal, formal-legal). Como resultado del estudio se llegó a conclusiones sobre el condicionamiento histórico de las características de la formación de la legislación sobre el seguro de pensiones de un país en particular. En Francia, se promulgó una legislación temprana sobre el seguro de pension voluntario y también obligatorio en Francia. En el Reino Unido, durante el período que se examina, no había legislación sobre seguros de pensiones, a pesar del desarrollo temprano de las instituciones pertinentes dentro de los talleres, gremios y, posteriormente, dentro de la actividad de los sindicatos y las «sociedades fraternales». En Rusia, debido a la naturaleza agraria de la economía, el seguro de pensiones en el marco de los talleres y gremios nunca funcionó; en 1914 se adolecía de leyes sobre el seguro de vejez, mientras que los riesgos de discapacidad y la pérdida del sostén de la familia se regulaban por ley

Situational modelling of oil pollution risks monitored by distributed monitoring

The work is studying the distributed system of natural environment monitoring points. The purpose of the study is to solve two main problems of optimization: a) optimization of risks of emergency events; b) optimal cessation of environmental monitoring, which allows to reduce the costs of observation. Monitoring of the environment contaminated with petroleum products is relevant. Traditionally used methods and monitoring itself are expensive and technological complex mechanisms, often requiring satellite data. When studying environmental pollution, it is important to consider situational risks and stochastic irreversible changes in nature. For this purpose, it is necessary to apply the methods and methodology of the system approach, which are used in the article for analysis of complex data structures and entropy of the system. For the informativeness of less long monitoring, it's represented by four main subsystems (capture, operation, selection and decision-making) and evaluated using an information-entropy approach. The work will solve the practical task of monitoring the contaminated environment

Models of shifts and correlation links of hematological and immunological parameters of patients with chronic generalized periodontitis

The goal of this study is to examine and to evaluate hematological and immunological parameters of patients with chronic generalized periodontitis based on the models of shifts and correlations. At that, the assessment of carried-out modeling and correlations allows to identify the leading parameters of diagnostics and intrasystemic blood parameters and cell-mediated immunit

The results of orthodontic treatment using computer design of structures

The article deals with the use of mathematical background and computer modeling in the process of treatment dental apparatus engineering. Drawing on mathematical calculations, veracity of which is validated by the results of experimental research, there in the clinic it has been used treatment appliance made of elastic polymer with set-up parameter

Cerebellar anaplastic astrocytoma in adult patients: 15 consecutive cases from a single institution and literature review

Adult cerebellar anaplastic astrocytomas (cAA) are rare entities and their clinical and genetic appearances are still ill defined. Previously, malignant gliomas of the cerebellum were combined and reviewed together (cAA and cerebellar glioblastomas (cGB), that could have possibly affected overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). We present characteristics of 15 adult patients with cAA and compared them to a series of 45 patients with a supratentorial AA (sAA) in order to elicit the effect of tumor location on OS and PFS. The mean age at cAA diagnosis was 39.3 years (range 19–72). A history of neurofibromatosis type I was noted in 1 patient (6.7%). An IDH-1 mutation was identified in 6/15 cases and a methylated MGMT promoter in 5/15 cases. Patients in study and control groups were matched in age, sex and IDH-1 mutation status. Patients in a study group tended to present with longer overall survival (50 vs. 36.5 months), but the difference did not reach statistical significance. In both cAA and supratentorial AA groups presence of the IDH-1 mutation remains a positive predictor for the prolonged survival. The present study suggests that adult cAA constitute a group of gliomas with relatively higher rate of IDH-1 mutations and prognosis similar to supratentorial AA. The present study is the first to systematically compare cAA and supratentorial AA with respect to their genetic characteristics and suggests that both groups show a similar survival prognosis

К оценке эффективности промышленных теплотехнологий, использующих органическое топливо

The paper considers a method for evaluation of operational efficiency of heat technologies in accordance with value of fuel specific consumer. Modernization of the given method has been proposed in the paper which presupposes usage of extra factor taking into account cost of initial fuel. The results of investigations can be applied for analysis of systems using various types of initial fuel. Рассмотрен метод оценки эффективности работы теплотехнологий по величине удельного расхода топлива. Предложена модернизация данного метода с использованием дополнительного коэффициента, учитывающего стоимость первичного топлива. Может быть использован для анализа систем, потребляющих различные виды первичного топлива

On the elastic constants of the zeolite chlorosodalite

The use of force-field based molecular modeling to predict the elastic constants of the zeolite chlorosodalite is described. Theoretical predictions of the on-axis and off-axis elastic constants strongly suggest that an error exists in the published elastic constants of the material. When the previous experimental data are corrected by transposing the published directional ultrasound velocities, excellent agreement is observed between the off-axis plots of sodalite produced by experiment and modeling. Further confirmation of the prediction is supplied by considering the Zener ratios of other inorganic materials that possess cubic symmetry. ©2006 American Institute of Physics

Analysis of the feasibility of reducing fuel consumption and carbon-dioxide emissions and obtaining carbon credits with the use of sverdlovskaya-oblast factories as an example

This article discusses aspects of improving the efficiency of heating and heat-treatment furnaces from the standpoint of the fuel savings that can be realized by the use of different methods to modernize such furnaces. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of methods of alveolar bone preservation before dental implantation

This article presents comparative results of the developed concept with the use of a direct immediate prosthetics and a group where the postoperative period was managed without it. The concept of bone preservation before implantation allows not only to preserve the volume of its own tissues, but also prevents the development of complications characteristic of traditional methods of bone augmentatio

Энергоснабжение предприятия мясоперерабатывающей отрасли за счет утилизационной теплоты ВЭР компрессорной станции магистрального газопровода

The paper considers a structure of power consumption by a meat processing enterprise with indication of specific power consumption norms in accordance with product nomenclature. Schemes for supply of the enterprise with heat and cold through utilization of compressor station secondary energy sources in main gasline have been presented in the paper.Рассмотрена структура энергопотребления предприятия мясоперерабатывающей отрасли с приведением удельных норм потребления энергии по номенклатуре продукции. Представлены схемы обеспечения предприятия теплотой и холодом за счет утилизации ВЭР компрессорной станции магистрального газопровода