Executive function after exhaustive exercise

PurposeFindings concerning the effects of exhaustive exercise on cognitive function are somewhat equivocal. The purpose of this study was to identify physiological factors that determine executive function after exhaustive exercise.MethodsThirty-two participants completed the cognitive tasks before and after an incremental exercise until exhaustion (exercise group: N = 18) or resting period (control group N = 14). The cognitive task was a combination of a Spatial Delayed-Response (Spatial DR) task and a Go/No-Go task, which requires executive function. Cerebral oxygenation and skin blood flow were monitored during the cognitive task over the prefrontal cortex. Venous blood samples were collected before and after the exercise or resting period, and blood catecholamines, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth hormone factor 1, and blood lactate concentrations were analyzed.ResultsIn the exercise group, exhaustive exercise did not alter reaction time (RT) in the Go/No-Go task (pre: 861 ± 299 ms vs. post: 775 ± 168 ms) and the number of error trials in the Go/No-Go task (pre: 0.9 ± 0.7 vs. post: 1.8 ± 1.8) and the Spatial DR task (pre: 0.3 ± 0.5 vs. post: 0.8 ± 1.2). However, ΔRT was negatively correlated with Δcerebral oxygenation (r = −0.64, P = 0.004). Other physiological parameters were not correlated with cognitive performance. Venous blood samples were not directly associated with cognitive function after exhaustive exercise.ConclusionThe present results suggest that recovery of regional cerebral oxygenation affects executive function after exhaustive exercise

Predictive Value of the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index for Cardiovascular Events in Patients at Cardiovascular Risk

BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness is an important predictor of cardiovascular events; however, indexes for measuring arterial stiffness have not been widely incorporated into routine clinical practice. This study aimed to determine whether the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), based on the blood pressure-independent stiffness parameter beta and reflecting arterial stiffness from the origin of the ascending aorta, is a good predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease risk factors in a large prospective cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: This multicenter prospective cohort study, commencing in May 2013, with a 5-year follow-up period, included patients (aged 40-74 years) with cardiovascular disease risks. The primary outcome was the composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal stroke, or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Among 2932 included patients, 2001 (68.3%) were men; the mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 63 (8) years. During the median follow-up of 4.9 years, 82 participants experienced primary outcomes. The CAVI predicted the primary outcome (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.16-1.65; P CONCLUSIONS: This large cohort study demonstrated that the CAVI predicted cardiovascular events

ハイヨウセイ キンイシュク ニ エイキョウ オ アタエル インシ ト ソノ エイキョウ

ベッドレストによる廃用性筋萎縮を予防し, 身体機能の低下を最小限に留める方法・手段を考え知ることは, 理学療法士という対象者の身体機能の向上を目的とする専門職に就く上で必須である. ベッドレストに伴う筋萎縮の発生機序・原因を, 内分泌系, 栄養管理, 筋線維の解剖学的・生理学的知識, 筋を支配する神経系の廃用といった多様な観点から理解し, 筋萎縮予防策を想起することとした. 筋線維における解剖学的・生理学的知識を整理しつつ, 筋を支配する神経系の廃用予防, 内分泌系に対するアプローチ, 筋萎縮と栄養面との関係性, 有効なトレーニング方法について, 各書籍・過去の先行研究に基づき再考した. 結果として, ベッドレスト患者の筋力低下に対してアプローチする際には, 筋力増強訓練の方法・負荷量, 対象者の栄養状態・睡眠状態を加味し, 内分泌による筋タンパクの異化・同化の相互性を考慮する必要性が示唆された. 【I はじめに】 筋力増強・筋肥大に関するトレーニング方法はメディア・書籍等で多く紹介されている.Physical Therapists are professional who are improvement of the functional handicap. Then it is indispensable to know the method and means which prevents a bed-rest patient\u27s disuse muscle atrophy and stops less the physical function as low as we can. We tried to understand a cause and a process with internal secretion system, nutrition, anatomy and physiology of muscle, atrophy of nervous system. Also we suggested how prevent the muscle atrophy and training menu with the past books and go ahead of research. Lastly, let us comment on the way of the approach to less muscle. We suggested that it is necessary to consider a method of muscle training, power of resistance, patient\u27s state of nutritional and sleep. In addition, we have to reflect on a correlation of dissimilation and assimilation of muscle protein by internal secretion system

Developmental analyses of divarications in leaves of an aquatic fern Microsorum pteropus and its varieties.

Plant leaves occur in diverse shapes. Divarication patterns that develop during early growths are one of key factors that determine leaf shapes. We utilized leaves of Microsorum pteropus, a semi-aquatic fern, and closely related varieties to analyze a variation in the divarication patterns. The leaves exhibited three major types of divarication: no lobes, bifurcation, and trifurcation (i.e., monopodial branching). Our investigation of their developmental processes, using time-lapse imaging, revealed localized growths and dissections of blades near each leaf apex. Restricted cell divisions responsible for the apical growths were confirmed using a pulse-chase strategy for EdU labeling assays

Midline invasion predicts poor prognosis in diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant: an individual participant data review

Introduction Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant (DHGs), is a newly categorized tumor in pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas, World Health Organization grade 4, with a poor prognosis. Although prognostic factors associated with genetic abnormalities have been reported, few reports have examined the clinical presentation of DHGs, especially from the viewpoint of imaging findings. In this study, we investigated the relationship between clinical factors, including imaging findings, and prognosis in patients with DHGs. Methods We searched Medline through the PubMed database using two search terms: “G34” and “glioma”, between 1 April 2012 and 1 July 2023. We retrieved articles that described imaging findings and overall survival (OS), and added one DHG case from our institution. We defined midline invasion (MI) as invasion to the contralateral cerebrum, brainstem, corpus callosum, thalamus, and basal ganglia on magnetic resonance imaging. The primary outcome was 12-month survival, estimated using Kaplan–Meier curves and logistic regression. Results A total of 96 patients were included in this study. The median age was 22 years, and the proportion of male patients was 48.4%. Lesions were most frequently located in the frontal lobe (52.6%). MI was positive in 39.6% of all patients. The median OS was 14.4 months. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that OS was significantly worse in the MI-positive group compared with the MI-negative group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that MI was an independent prognostic factor in DHGs. Conclusions In this study, MI-positive cases had a worse prognosis compared with MI-negative cases