Propagation mechanism of non-uniform distribution of stress and strain in tension test

Elastic-plastic finite element analysis is carried out on tension test to check the uniformity of stress and strain that highly influences the result of numerical analysis in forming processes. Usually stress is calculated by dividing the force by the cross sectional area of the specimen and strain is calculated by the change in a limited gauge length. Basic assumptions are that stress and strain distributions be uniform in the cross section and between two gauge points and the cross section lie between two gauge points. Result of numerical analysis shows that stress and strain distributions are not necessarily uniform especially for those material with poor work hardening ratio. Initiation and propagation of mechanism of this non-uniformity is analyzed to propose a method for a precise measurement of stress and strain

Machine Learning Analysis of Gaze Data for Enhanced Precision in Diagnosing Oral Mucosal Diseases

Uchida S., Hiraoka S.I., Kawamura K., et al. Machine Learning Analysis of Gaze Data for Enhanced Precision in Diagnosing Oral Mucosal Diseases. Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, 136 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010136.The diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases is a significant challenge due to their diverse differential characteristics. Risk assessment of lesions by visual examination is a complex process due to the lack of definitive guidelines. This study aimed to improve this process by creating a diagnostic algorithm using gaze data acquired during oral mucosal disease examinations. A total of 78 dentists were included in this study. Tobii Pro Nano® (Tobii Technology) was used to acquire gaze data during clinical photographic visual examinations. Advanced analysis tools such as support vector machines and heatmaps were used to visualize the gazing tendencies of a group of skilled oral surgeons, focusing on the number of gazes per region and the gazing time ratios. The preliminary findings showed the possibility of visualizing gazing tendencies and identifying areas of importance for diagnosis. The classification of intraoral photographs based on gross features revealed the existence of an optimal examination method for each category and diagnostically significant areas. This novel approach to analyzing gaze data has the potential to refine diagnostic techniques and increase both accuracy and efficiency

A Brønsted ligand molecular switch with five accessible states

A mononuclear Fe(II) complex, prepared with a Brønsted diacid ligand, H2L (H2L = 2-[5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-yl] 6benzimidazole pyridine), shows switchable physical properties and was isolated in five different electronic states. The spin crossover (SCO) complex, [FeII(H2L)2](BF4)2 (1A), exhibits abrupt spin transition at T1/2 = 258 K, and treatment with base yields a deprotonated analogue [FeII(HL)2] (1B), which shows gradual SCO above 350 K. A range of ferric analogues were also characterized. [FeIII(HL)(H2L)](BF4)Cl (1C) has an S = 5/2 spin state, while the deprotonated complexes [FeIII(L)(HL)], (1D), and (TEA)[FeIII(L)2], (1E) exist in the low-spin S = 1/2 state. The electronic properties of the five complexes were fully characterized and we demonstrate in situ switching between multiple states in both solution and the solid-state. The versatility of this simple mononuclear system illustrates how proton donor/acceptor ligands can vastly increase the range of accessible states in switchable molecular devices

Isopeptide bond formation mediated by δ-selenolysine for chemical ubiquitination

Protein ubiquitination is involved in nearly all biological processes in Eukaryotes. To gain precise insights into the function of ubiquitination in these processes, researchers frequently employ ubiquitinated protein probes with well-defined structures. While chemical protein synthesis has afforded a variety of ubiquitinated protein probes, there remains a demand for efficient synthesis methods for complex probes, such as ubiquitinated glycoproteins and ubiquitinated cysteine-containing proteins. In this study, we introduce a new method to obtain ubiquitinated proteins through isopeptide bond formation mediated by δ-selenolysine residues. We synthesized δ-selenolysine derivatives in both L- and D-forms starting from DL-δ-hydroxy-DL-lysine, accomplished by substituting the δ-mesylate with KSeCN and by enzymatic optical resolution with L- and D-aminoacylase. We synthesized ubiquitin (46–76)-α-hydrazide with a δ-seleno-L-lysine residue at position 48, as well as ubiquitin (46–76)-α-thioester, using solid-phase peptide synthesis. Subsequently, the δ-selenolysine-mediated ligation of these peptides, followed by one-pot deselenization, provided the desired isopeptide-linked ubiquitin peptide. The new δ-selenolysine-mediated isopeptide bond formation offers an alternative method to obtain complex ubiquitin- and ubiquitin-like probes with multiple post-translational modifications. These probes hold promise for advancing our understanding of ubiquitin biology