A REVIEW ON COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF APASTAMBHA MARMA AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The word Marma denotes the vital spots of the body. Marma Shareera is widely discussed in Ayurveda. The structural entity of these spots is not clearly explained in the classical texts so we cannot rule out the exact structural components involved. Apastambha Marma is one among 107 Marma explained in Classical textbooks. According to Sushruta, it is classified under Sira variety and it is an Urogata Kalantara Pranahara Marma. But Vagbhata has mentioned it as a type of Dhamani Marma on the basis of its structural entity. It measures about 1/2 Angula Pramana. Acharya Sushruta mentions its location as Uras, bilaterally where two Vatavaha Sira (tubular structures carrying air) are seen. Vagbhata says that it is situated in the Uras on both sides of the Parshwa. The Viddha Lakshana of this Marma as per Sushruta is Vatapoornakoshtataya, Kasa, Shwasa and Marana. However, there is a difference of opinion with Vagbhata; he has explained Raktena Poornakoshta instead of Vatapoornakoshtataya. Result: The marked area for the Apastambha Marma is at the level of 3rd costal cartilage on both the sides of the chest just lateral to the midline. As the measurement in Angula (1 cm) is not apparent so it is taken as the lengthwise, breadth wise and depth-wise. Conclusion: The area of about 2 cm lateral to carina which is the common site of injury in the bronchus can be taken as the site of Apastambha Marma as rupture of the bronchus leads to pneumothorax and the individual will show symptoms of breathing difficulty such as Kasa, Shwasa and in severe cases it may lead to the death. This explanation holds true for the Viddha Lakshana mentioned by Sushruta. Taking Shonitapoornakoshta this into consideration, pulmonary and bronchial vessels can be taken as the structures involved in Apastambha Marma which also holds good for the explanation of structural composition as per Vagbhata also i.e., it is a Dhamani Marma. Thus, we can conclude that the two Principal Bronchus along with the pulmonary vessels and bronchial vessels should be considered as the site of Apastambha Marma

Wild edible Himalayas pear (Pyrus pashia)

Not AvailablePyrus pashia is an important underutilized fruit crop in Meghalaya, North East, India, having several ethnobotanical and pomological uses. However, the lack of quality planting materials and long juvenility of seedlings lead to their gradual population degradation. Therefore, a study was conducted to develop a protocol for vegetative propagation method of quality planting materials using RC Sohjhur-3 (IC-0632369) as the local rootstock. Two grafting methods (Tongue and Wedge grafting) in four different periods (15th of August, September, October and November) were used. The result showed a significant effect of the interaction of Wedge grafting *15th August on the least number of days taken to sprouting (10.4±0.3 days). However, maximum graft success (93.3±9.9%), survivability (86.7±4.9%), and growth performance of grafted plants were found in Tongue grafting*15th October. Therefore, Tongue grafting carried out on 15th October showed promising graft performance, which may help in the rapid production of quality planting materials for better utilization and conservation of this species.Not Availabl

Vegetative propagation, biochemical and antioxidants characteristics of Antidesma bunius L. Spreng in eastern Himalayas, India.

Not AvailableIntroduction. Antidesma bunius L. Spreng is an important dietary and medicinal component edible fruit trees of the eastern Himalayas, India. However, the non-availability of quality planting materials and little information on biochemical and antioxidant properties of this species hinder its commercialisation. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the biochemical and antioxidant properties of the fruits, and to find out a propagation technique for rapid multiplication and conservation of the fruit tree. Material and methods. Ripened fruits were used for carrying out morphological, biochemical and antioxidant analysis. A one-year-old healthy shoots were used to study the response of stem cuttings to different concentrations of Indole Butyric Acid (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm). Result. Maximum fruit weight (198.05±0.14 mg), fruit yield (37.82±4.91 kg per tree), total soluble solid (13.63±0.53 ˚Brix), total sugar (13.51±0.14%), crude fibre (6.64±0.07%), anthocyanin (421.76 mg C3GE/100 g), total flavonoid (3.76 mg QE/100 g), total phenolic content (140.17 mg GAE /100 g) and FRAP (10.34±0.16 mg AAE/g) were recorded in genotype Umpowin. While, titratable acidity (1.44±0.01%), vitamin C (28.28 mg/100 g) and total ash (13.11±0.33%) was highest in genotype Liarkhla. Stem cutting had maximum response at IBA 3000 ppm which reduced the days to sprouting by 22.3% but increased the number of primary roots, root length, fresh weight roots and plant survival (78%). Conclusion. Fruits showed high biochemical and antioxidant properties which can be incorporated in dietary and as alternative sources of edible colour. Stem cutting using IBA 3000 ppm can help in rapid multiplication and conservation of this fruit tree species.Institute Funde

Studies on Fruit and Yield Traits in Indigenous Coloured Varieties of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) in South Gujarat, India

An investigation on fruit descriptors and yield in twelve mango varieties was conducted under South Gujarat conditions. Maximum fruit length was recorded in cv. Totapuri (16.23cm). Vanraj showed the highest values for fruit width (11.67cm), fruit circumference (37.37cm), fruit weight (729g), fruit volume (575.59cm3) and fruit pulp (78.93%). Maximum TSS (21.20%), acidity (0.42%) and fruit firmness (7.00 rating) was observed in cvs. Deshi-1, Deshi-3 and Makaram, respectively. 'Totapuri' had maximum total shelf-life (21.33 days), number of fruits per tree (383.00) and fruit yield (236.80kg/tree). The varieties had green to yellow ground-colour of peel. All the varieties had red-blush peel colour, excepting cvs. Dadamio, Makaram and Swarnarekha which were purplish-red. Similarly, pulp colour ranged from light yellow to light orange. Based on overall performance, cvs. Alphonso, Deshi-1, Deshi-2, Kesar, Khandesi Borasio, Totapuri and Vanraj proved to be superior to the other varieties

Impacto de las características topográficas y del cambio en el uso de la tierra en los recursos de la micro-cuenca umbanium, meghalaya

Una cuenca es una unidad geohidrológica que drena en un punto común. Esta unidad natural ha evolucionado a través de la interacción del agua de lluvia con la masa de la tierra, que comprende típicamente de cultivo, las tierras no cultivables y las líneas naturales de drenaje en las zonas de sequía. La producción sostenible depende de la salud, la vitalidad y la pureza de un entorno particular en que la tierra y el agua son componentes importantes. Un estudio piloto se llevó a cabo tanto el estudio de la geomorfología, sistemas de uso de la tierra y su impacto en la gestión de los recursos hídricos en la microcuenca de Umbaniun en Meghalaya. En esta micro-cuenca (3.951,18 ha), el cuerpo de agua tiene una superficie de 5.69ha (0,14%). El presente documento resalta el vínculo entre la geomorfología, usos del suelo y su impacto en la calidad de los recursos hídricos en la microcuenca Umbaniun de Meghalaya. Las características topográficas y físico-químicas, tales como temperatura, el pH, conductividad, oxígeno disuelto, la turbidez y el agua, fueron utilizados como indicadores de la degradación del medio ambienteA watershed is a geohydrological unit draining at a common point. Such natural unit has evolved through rain water interaction with land mass, typically comprising arable land, non-arable land and natural drainage lines in rain-fed areas. Sustainable production depends on the health, vitality and purity of a particular environment in which land and water are important constituents. A pilot study was thus undertaken to study the geomorphology, land-use systems and their impact on water resource management on the Meghalaya Umbaniun micro-watershed. In this Micro-watershed (3951.18 ha), water body covers an area of 5.69ha (0.14%). The paper highlights the linkage between geomorphology, land use systems and its impact on quality of water resources on the Umbaniun Micro-Watershed, Meghalaya. Topographical and physical-chemical characteristics, such as pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and water temperature, were used as environmental degradation indicator

The Promotion of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Nrf2 Amplifier is A Potential Technique in Diabetic Wound Healing — A Review

Wound healing is a complicated, organised process that includes numerous phases that connect diverse cellular events and activate several intracellular molecular pathways in injured cells and tissues. Delay in wound healing owing to high levels of oxidative stress is a major difficulty in various metabolic illnesses, including diabetes mellitus. Several therapeutic wound dressing materials and methods, such as hyperbaric oxygen treatment and negative pressure wound therapy, have been developed to speed up wound healing and restore cellular homeostasis. A significant advance has been made in locating transcriptional regulators involved in wound healing. The redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the major regulator of antioxidant defence regulation, inducing the expression of cytoprotective genes and increasing the generation of antioxidants that scavenge free radicals. Activators of Nrf2 have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve wound healing in a variety of pathophysiological situations, including diabetes and its consequences such as diabetic foot ulcers, chronic kidney disease, and diabetic nephropathy. Several therapeutic chemicals have been discovered to alleviate oxidative stress and consequently increase cell proliferation. Angiogenesis results in tissue healing through activating the transcription factor Nrf2. This review focuses on the role of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant gene expression in diabetic wound healing

Abnormality in Flowers and Fruits of Jackfruit

Not AvailableJackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is an important fruit crop of the tropics and subtropics of Southeast Asia. A wide morphological diversity of jackfruit was observed in Meghalaya; however, it is still considered an underutilised fruit and its commercial cultivation is at a primitive stage. During an exploratory survey for the collection and evaluation of jackfruit germplasm, a unique abnormality in flowers and fruits was noted. Therefore, this study was aimed at understanding the anomalous reproductive behaviour of jackfruit. The results showed that the malformed sorosis appears stunted, compact, overcrowded, and light green in color. Furthermore, the fruits appeared to have developed separately, not as sorosis. The abnormalities are rare, but they had an adverse impact on yield (unaffected vs. affected trees) that was evidenced in surveyed villages, i.e., Moobakhoon (81.02 vs. 51.33 number of fruits per tree) and Silkigre (63.67 vs. 44.25 number of fruits per tree). The extent of abnormality in the fruit (or flower) varied, from 20.55–37.78% in Moobakhoon to 15.15–47.37% in Silkigre. Trees free of such anomalies could generate an average economic return of Rs. 3240/- per tree; however, this was reduced to 66% (Rs. 1110/- per tree) in the case of affected trees. Though the cause of anomalous productive behaviour is not yet clearly understood, it may be due to improper pollination, developmental irregularities, insect-pest attacks, disease incidence, nutritional disorders, and hormonal imbalance. It is expected that the adoption of integrated management strategies may emerge as an effective solution to control these problems in jackfruit.Not Availabl

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Several wild indigenous fruit crops which are rare in other part of the world grow favourably and naturally in the foothills track of Eastern Himalayas due to suitable geo-climatic conditions. These wild fruits are Padus napaulensis (Ser. ex DC.) Schneider, Elaeagnus latifolia L., Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Baccaurea ramiflora Lour., Pyrus pashia Hamilton ex D. Don, Calamus meghalayensis (Becc.) A.J. Hend., Gynocardia odorata R. Br., Prunus undulata Buch.-Ham., Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne., Rhus chinensis Mill. and Viburnum foetidum Wallich. These naturally occurring fruit plants which are harvested and marketed locally, not only nutritionally and medicinally rich but also thrive well under adverse climatic conditions and can be the source of several desirable gene(s) or traits particularly for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In spite of their potential, these fruit plants are unattended both at scientific and farmers level. There is a need to attain sustainable growth, food and nutritional security for the most susceptible tribal population in the near future. Therefore, during the course of survey, collection and evaluation of eleven naturally occurring potential wild edible fruit plants have been discussed including their habitat, distribution, morphological description, quality parameters, utilization potential, constraints and possible strategies like how to increase their population size, productivity, conservation and utilization.Several wild indigenous fruit crops which are rare in other part of the world grow favourably and naturally in the foothills track of Eastern Himalayas due to suitable geo-climatic conditions. These wild fruits are Padus napaulensis (Ser. ex DC.) Schneider, Elaeagnus latifolia L., Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Baccaurea ramiflora Lour., Pyrus pashia Hamilton ex D. Don, Calamus meghalayensis (Becc.) A.J. Hend., Gynocardia odorata R. Br., Prunus undulata Buch.-Ham., Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne., Rhus chinensis Mill. and Viburnum foetidum Wallich. These naturally occurring fruit plants which are harvested and marketed locally, not only nutritionally and medicinally rich but also thrive well under adverse climatic conditions and can be the source of several desirable gene(s) or traits particularly for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In spite of their potential, these fruit plants are unattended both at scientific and farmers level. There is a need to attain sustainable growth, food and nutritional security for the most susceptible tribal population in the near future. Therefore, during the course of survey, collection and evaluation of eleven naturally occurring potential wild edible fruit plants have been discussed including their habitat, distribution, morphological description, quality parameters, utilization potential, constraints and possible strategies like how to increase their population size, productivity, conservation and utilization.ICA

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Not AvailableThe eastern Himalayas, one of the important hotspots of global biodiversity, have a rich diversity of wild edible fruit trees. The fruits of these tree species have been consumed by the tribal people since time immemorial. However, there is limited information available on the biochemical and antioxidant properties of the fruits. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to study the physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of the nine most important wild fruit trees. Among the species, Pyrus pashia had the maximum fruit weight (37.83 g), while the highest juice (43.72%) and pulp content (84.67%) were noted in Haematocarpus validus and Myrica esculenta, respectively. Maximum total soluble solids (18.27%), total sugar (11.27%), moisture content (88.39%), ascorbic acid content (63.82 mg/100 g), total carotenoids (18.47 mg/100 g), and total monomeric anthocyanin (354.04 mg/100 g) were recorded in H. validus. Docynia indica had the highest total phenolic content (19.37 mg GAE/g), while H. validus recorded the highest total flavonoids and flavanol content. The antioxidant activities of the different fruits ranged from 0.17 to 0.67 IC50 for DPPH activity and 3.59–13.82 mg AAE/g for FRAP. These fruits had attractive pigmentation of both pulp and juice and were a good potential source for the extraction of natural edible color in the food industry. The fruits also possess high market prices; Prunus nepalensis fetched $34.10–$ 141.5 per tree. Therefore, these fruits are rich sources of antioxidants, pigments and have a high market value for livelihood and nutritional security.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCapacity Building on Plant Protection: A Vital Sector for Proper Crop Management in Farming Communities. In: Training Manual on Ecofriendly Plant Health Management in Importance Vegetable CropsNot Availabl