3,017 research outputs found
Near-pristine gas at high redshifts: a window on early nucleosynthesis
It has now become recognised that damped Lyman alpha systems play an
important role in helping us unravel the origin of chemical elements. In this
presentation, we describe the main results of a recently completed survey of
the most metal-poor DLAs, aimed at complementing and extending studies of the
oldest stars in the Galaxy. The survey has clarified a number of lingering
issues concerning the abundances of C, N, O in the low metallicity regime, has
revealed the existence of DLA analogues to Carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars,
and is providing some of the most precise measures of the primordial abundance
of Deuterium.Comment: 11 pages, 7 Figures. Invited presentation at the XII International
Symposium on Nuclei in the Cosmos, Cairns, Australia, 5-10 August 2012. To
appear in Proceedings of Scienc
Measurement of the primordial helium abundance from the intergalactic medium
Almost every helium atom in the Universe was created just a few minutes after the Big Bang through a process commonly referred to as Big Bang nucleosynthesis1,2. The amount of helium that was made during Big Bang nucleosynthesis is determined by combining particle physics and cosmology3. The current leading measures of the primordial helium abundance (YP) are based on the relative strengths of H I and He I emission lines emanating from star-forming regions in local metal-poor galaxies4,5,6,7. As the statistical errors on these measurements improve, it is essential to test for systematics by developing independent techniques. Here we report a determination of the primordial helium abundance based on a near-pristine intergalactic gas cloud that is seen in absorption against the light of a background quasar. This gas cloud, observed when the Universe was just one-third of its present age (zabs = 1.724), has a metal content around 100 times less than that of the Sun, and at least 30% less metal content than the most metal-poor H II region currently known where a determination of the primordial helium abundance is possible. We conclude that the helium abundance of this intergalactic gas cloud is Y=0.250+0.033−0.025, which agrees with the standard model primordial value8,9,10, YP = 0.24672 ± 0.00017. Our determination of the primordial helium abundance is not yet as precise as that derived using metal-poor galaxies, but our method has the potential to offer a competitive test of physics beyond the standard model during Big Bang nucleosynthesis
Characterizing latency overheads in the deployment of FPGA accelerators
FPGA hardware accelerators have recently enjoyed significant attention as platforms for further accelerating computation in the datacenter but they potentially add additional layers of hardware and software interfacing that can further increase communication latency. In this paper, we characterize these overheads for streaming applications where latency can be an important consideration. We examine the latency and throughput characteristics of traditional server-based PCIe connected accelerators, and the more recent approach of network attached FPGA accelerators. We additionally quantify the additional overhead introduced by virtualising accelerators on FPGAs
Determining the primordial helium abundance and UV background using fluorescent emission in star-free dark matter haloes
Observational measures of the primordial helium mass fraction, YP, are of interest for cosmology and fundamental particle physics. Current measures obtained from HII HII regions agree with the Standard Model prediction to approximately 1% precision, although these determinations may be affected by systematic uncertainties. This possibility can only be tested by independently measuring the helium abundance in new ways. Here, we propose a novel method to obtain a measurement of YP using hydrogen and helium recombination line emission from RELHICs: pristine, gas-rich but star-free low-mass dark matter haloes whose existence is predicted by hydrodynamical simulations. Although expected to be uncommon and intrinsically faint in emission, the primordial composition and simple physical properties of these objects make them an ideal laboratory to determine YP. We present radiative transfer simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, finding that comparing the emission in H and He lines, either via their volumetric emissivities, or integrated properties such as the surface brightness and total flux, may be used to infer YP. Furthermore, we show that RELHICs can be used to provide an entirely novel constraint on the spectral slope of the ultraviolet background, and discuss the possibility of measuring this slope and the primordial helium abundance simultaneously
Towards ultra metal-poor DLAs: linking the chemistry of the most metal-poor DLA to the first stars
We present new Keck/HIRES data of the most metal-poor damped Lyman-alpha
(DLA) system currently known. By targeting the strongest accessible Fe II
features, we have improved the upper limit of the [Fe/H] abundance
determination by ~1 dex, finding [Fe/H]<-3.66 (2 sigma). We also provide the
first upper limit on the relative abundance of an odd-atomic number element for
this system [Al/H]<-3.82 (2 sigma). Our analysis thus confirms that this
z_abs=3.07 DLA is not only the most metal-poor DLA but also the most iron-poor
DLA currently known. We use the chemistry of this DLA, combined with a
stochastic chemical enrichment model, to probe its enrichment history. We find
that this DLA is best modelled by the yields of an individual Population III
progenitor rather than multiple Population III stars. We then draw comparisons
with other relic environments and, particularly, the stars within nearby
ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. We identify a star within Bootes I, with a similar
chemistry to that of the DLA presented here, suggesting that it may have been
born in a gas cloud that had similar properties. The extremely metal-poor DLA
at redshift z_abs=3.07 (i.e. ~2 Gyrs after the Big Bang) may reside in one of
the least polluted environments in the early Universe.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of
the Royal Astronomical Societ
Ash dieback on the island of Ireland
Book sectionThis publication is based on the work of Action FP1103 FRAXBACK,
supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)On the island of Ireland it is estimated that there are over half a million kilometres of hedgerows (400,000+ km
in the Republic of Ireland (Rep. Ireland) and 113,000+ in Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland). Ash (Fraxinus
excelsior) is the second most important component, after hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), in large proportions
of this hedgerow network. In the Rep. Ireland over 20,000 ha of ash have been planted since 1990, primarily for
sawlogs and to provide material for the manufacture of hurleys, which are used in an important national sport
called hurling, and for camogie sticks used to play camogie. Ash dieback, caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus,
was first identified on the island in October 2012 and since then has been detected at 306 sites (195 in Rep.
Ireland and 111 in Northern Ireland). In the vast majority of cases the outbreaks have been on young, imported
trees planted within the previous 5 – 6 years and it was evident that the pathogen had been introduced on trees
for planting. On a small number of occasions there was evidence of the pathogen cycling within a plantation or
moving from the plantation to infect neighbouring hedgerow trees. One possible mechanism by which the
pathogen can build up sufficient inoculum is by the formation of apothecia on infected woody tissue high up on
the plants. Rep. Ireland and Northern Ireland have strict policies of eradication and containment, as set out in the
All-Ireland Chalara Control Strategy. To date over 2.1 million trees have been destroyed as part of an
eradication strategy. It is considered that this prompt and far-reaching action has had a significant impact,
significantly mitigating and preventing the rapid establishment of the pathogen and limiting its spread. The
interventions since the disease was first confirmed have helped to protect the considerable investment in ash
plantations of the last 20 years. The pathogen has not, however, been eradicated from the island of Ireland and it
remains to be seen how widespread, and how quickly ash dieback will become established on the island of
Ireland. The latest figures from the Republic of Ireland are that 733 hectares of ash plantation has been
reconstituted with another species as a result of Chalara and this has cost our state €2.6 million so far; in
addition, Chalara has been found and confirmed in all 26 counties of the Republic of Ireland to a greater or lesser
extent. As a result the current policies and procedures regarding Chalara are under review.This publication is based on the work of Action FP1103 FRAXBACK,
supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology
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