An analysis of schema change intervention

Successful organizational transformation relies on being able to achieve paradigm or collective schema change, and more particularly, the ability to manage the interplay between pre-existing schemas and alternative schemas required for new environments. This conceptual paper presents an analysis and critique of collective schema change dynamics. Two schema change pathways are reflected in the literature: frame-juxtapose-transition and frame-disengage-learning. Research findings in each pathway are limited and/or contradictory. Moreover, research on schema change focuses primarily on social dynamics and less on the relationship between social schema change dynamics and individual schema change dynamics. One implication of this lack of focus on individual schema change dynamics is the masking of the high level of cognitive processing and cognitive effort required by individuals to effect schema change. The capacity to achieve organizational transformation requires that more attention is given to managing these dynamics, which, in turn, requires significant investment in developing the change leadership capabilities of managers and the organizations they manage

Theology as Hope: on the ground and implications of Jürgen Moltmann's Doctrine of Hope

Hope is the leitmotiv of Jtirgen Moltmann's theology. Not merely one aspect of his project, hope is the whole of it, the supreme doctrine interpenetrating all others. Indeed, hope is his method.The following study is entitled 'Theology as Hope', a play on words intended to convey two meanings, simultaneously. First, the three-word dictum correctly labels Moltmann's project. While his theology is correctly regarded as eschatological, there is a more specific, identifiable centre: it is a pronouncement of hope from beginning to end. The second meaning of the title, which is clarified and specified by the subtitle, describes the content of the present study. In the pages following, Moltmann's theology is explored from the angle of his doctrine of hopeThe present study is both historical and developmental while also being analytical and interrogative. Chronologically this exploration seeks to show the nature, composition and development of Moltmann's doctrine of hope, as the distinctive doctrine of his theology, implicating all others. Part I establishes Moltmann's doctrine of hope as grounded in God's faithfulness in the cross and resurrection. Part II investigates major doctrines in his programme in light of this ground

From pincers to scorpionates: The synthesis and reactivity of oxazoline based transition metal and alkaline earth metal complexes

Multidentate oxazoline based ligands have played a critical role in transition metal chemistry. They have several key advantages over many other ligands: (i) strong chelating ability, (ii) chiral versions readily synthesized from commercially available amino acids, (iii) the chirality is in close proximity to the metal center. With this in mind, we set out to design new bis(oxazoline) ligands that would cyclometalate with late-metal centers and tris(oxazoline) ligands for d0 metal centers. We synthesized new achiral [bis(4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolinyl)propane], ProboxMe2, and chiral [bis(4R-phenyl-2-oxazolinyl)propane], ProboxPh, ligands for use as pincer complex proligands. While the isopropyl derivative, ProboxiPr, was known, no transition metal complexes containing these ligands have been reported. We attempted to synthesize palladium pincer complexes with ProboxMe2 and ProboxiPr but isolated thermally robust dipalladium(II) macrocycles of the form [(Probox)PdCl2]2. Attempts with rhodium provided a similar rhodium(I) macrocycle with ProboxPh. Finally, a rhodium(III) pincer complex is obtained with ProboxMe2. The spectroscopic and structural characteristics along with their reactivity are described. Since cyclometalation of Probox based ligands proved to be much more difficult than anticipated, we changed gears to tris(oxazolinyl)phenylborate ligands. Our group had reported the synthesis of achiral tris(4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolinyl)phenylborate, ToM, and chiral tris(4S-isopropyl-2-oxazolinyl)phenylborate, ToP, along with the synthesis of several metal complexes containing these ligands. Unfortunately, we found that the isopropyl group in ToP, when coordinated to a metal, rotates away from the metal center, presumably to avoid steric interactions with the metal center, thus lessening the stereochemical control during asymmetric transformations. We decided to design a new chiral tris(oxazolinyl)phenylborate ligand with tert-butyl groups at the 4-position on the oxazoline ring with the anticipation that the tert-butyl group will remain in close proximity to the metal center. Magnesium and calcium complexes bearing this ligand have been prepared and used as catalysts for the asymmetric hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes with moderate success. We observed high conversion to the corresponding pyrrolidines with % ee\u27s that were significantly higher than any other group 2-catalyst system to date. ToMMgMe was found to be an efficient precatalyst for the cross-dehydrocoupling of amines and silanes. With evidence gathered through kinetic investigations, including a Hammett plot, a new mechanism was proposed that involves a nucleophilic attack of the magnesium amide on the silane followed by hydrogen transfer to magnesium and displacement of the newly formed silazanes. Rapid protonolysis of the magnesium hydride with amine completed the catalytic cycle. Additionally, kinetic studies on the action of ToMMgMe with PhSiH3 ¬were also conducted. These included Eyring analysis, isotope effect, and a Hammett plot; these data provided evidence that this process is very similar to the Si-N bond forming reactions catalyzed by ToMMgMe. Additionally, preliminary studies on catalytic hydrosilylation using ToMMgMe and ToMMgMe with B(C6F5)3 as precatalysts are reported

Dynamic Ball & Socket Joint Force Simulator

The stability of an implant in the bone, one factor in joint replacement survival, is usually tested using biaxial fatigue loading. These loading protocols do not replicate physiological loading conditions. The Dynamic Ball and Socket Joint Force Simulator (DBSJFS) was designed to apply physiological loads through an articular surface to study implant stability. The DBSJFS was custom built to integrate with a MTS 858 Mini Bionix machine. The design allows femoral components to be tested dynamically in three dimensions with four degrees of freedom. Two rotary actuators turn the distal end of the femur around perpendicular axes while the linear actuator applies a downward force through the centroid of the femoral component head. The rotations of the femur and the dynamic loading patterns are correlated together to replicate the resultant joint force in the hip. Procedures replicating the gait cycles of a person walking normally, going up and down stairs, and sitting down and standing up were developed using component hip force data taken from HIP98, a study performed in Berlin, Germany by Bergmann that recorded hip joint forces in vivo using instrumented femoral stems implanted into patients. The DBSJFS can operate at 1/3rd physiological speed under loads representing a 900 N individual. At 1/5th physiological speed and 700 N loads, the average and maximum absolute error produced in each channel for the normal walking gait are as follows: Y' axis motor 0.63 deg, 1.49 deg; X' axis motor 0.45, 1.39 deg; linear actuator 10.78, 27.04 N

Passive broadband full Stokes polarimeter using a Fresnel cone

Light's polarisation contains information about its source and interactions, from distant stars to biological samples. Polarimeters can recover this information, but reliance on birefringent or rotating optical elements limits their wavelength range and stability. Here we present a static, single-shot polarimeter based on a Fresnel cone - the direct spatial analogue to the popular rotating quarter-wave plate approach. We measure the average angular accuracy to be 2.9 (3.6) degrees for elliptical(linear) polarisation states across the visible spectrum, with the degree of polarisation determined to within 0.12(0.08). Our broadband full Stokes polarimeter is robust, cost-effective, and could find applications in hyper-spectral polarimetry and scanning microscopy.Comment: 6 Pages, 4 Figure

Complementary Therapy to Target LDL Cholesterol: The Role of the Ezetimibe/Simvastatin Combination

Cardiovascular (CV) disease remains the number 1 cause of death in the USA. Nonetheless, there has been a decline in the age-adjusted death rate for coronary heart disease (CHD) which may be due to more aggressive treatment guidelines for treating CV risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The recent update to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines have recommended lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals in high-risk patients. Based on the new targets for LDL-C, clinicians will need more efficacious lipid-lowering therapies. One of these newer therapies is the combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin. This article reviews the implications of the updated guidelines and discusses the efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin for lowering LDL-C

Mom-it helps when youre right here! Attenuation of neural stress markers in anxious youths whose caregivers are present during fMRI.

Close proximity to an attachment figure, such as a caregiver, has been shown to attenuate threat-related activity in limbic regions such as the hypothalamus in healthy individuals. We hypothesized that such features might be similarly attenuated by proximity during a potentially stressful situation in a clinically anxious population of youths. Confirmation of this hypothesis could support the role of attachment figures in the management of anxiety among children and adolescents. Three groups were analyzed: anxious children and adolescents who requested that their caregiver accompany them in the scanner room, anxious children and adolescents without their caregiver in the scanner room and healthy controls (each of N = 10). The groups were matched for age and, among the two anxious groups, for diagnosis (mean age 9.5). The children and adolescents were exposed to physical threat words during an fMRI assessment. Results indicate that activity in the hypothalamus, ventromedial, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex were significantly reduced in anxious children and adolescents who requested that their caregiver accompany them in the scanner room compared to those without their caregiver in the scanner room. Mean activity in these regions in anxious children and adolescents with their caregiver in the scanner room was comparable to that of healthy controls. These data suggest links between social contact and neural mechanisms of emotional reactivity; specifically, presence of caregivers moderates the increase in anxiety seen with stressful stimuli. Capitalizing on the ability of anxious youths to manifest low levels of anxiety-like information processing in the presence of a caregiver could help in modeling adaptive function in behavioral treatments