20 research outputs found
Uticaj agrotehniÄkih mera na prinos i sadržaj etarskog ulja kod bosiljka
This paper presents the results of the influence of applied agro-technical
measures on yield and content of essential oil in basil (Ocimum basilicum) and reduce
energy consumption during plowing, using a combination plow and subsoiler. Of
technological operations, in addition to core processing, we applied the inter row
cultivation of land to destroy weeds and maintain land in a loose condition which
prevents drying and provides moisture retention. To the introduction of nutrients into the
soil, which are needed for plant growth, feeding was carried out basil fertilizers. Applied
two depth-plowing: 20 to 40 cm. Realized yields and essential oil contents were in the
function of the depth of plowing. The results achieved show the highest yield of basil on
the depth of plowing 40 cm (from 2900 kg/ha to 3200 kg/ha), while the actual return on
the depth of plowing for 750 kg/ha greater than the highest yield of the plowing depth of
20 cm. Realized yields of basil is a measure of deep plowing effects on the development
of plants and realized yield and increased economic efficiency of application of deep
tillage in the production of basil. Essential oil content expressed as a percentage of the
depth of plowing 20 cm ranged from 0.40% to 0.60%, and the plowing depth of 40 cm
varied in the range of 0.63% to 0.87%, which is 0.23% and 0.27% over the plowing
depth of 40 cm.
The results concluded that increasing the depth of plowing increases the yield and
content essential oil in basil production.U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja uticaja primenjenih agrotehniÄkih
mera na prinos i sadržaj etarskog ulja kod bosiljka (Ocimum basilicum), kao i smanjenje
utroÅ”ka energije pri oranju uz upotrebu kombinacije pluga i razrivaÄa. Od tehnoloÅ”kih
operacija, pored osnovne obrade, primenjena je i meÄuredna kultivacija zemljiÅ”ta radi
uniÅ”tavanja korova i održavanja zemljiÅ”ta u rastresitom stanju Äime se spreÄava njegovo
isuÅ”ivanje i obezbeÄuje zadržavanje vlage. Radi unoÅ”enja hranjivih materija u zemljiÅ”te,
koje su potrebne za rast biljaka, izvrŔeno je prihranjivanje bosiljka mineralnim
Äubrivima. Primenjene su dve dubine oranja: 20 i 40 cm. Ostvareni prinosi i sadržaj
etarskog ulja bili su u funkciji dubine oranja. Rezultati pokazuju najveÄi ostvareni prinos
bosiljka na dubini oranja od 40 cm (od 2900 kg/ha do 3200 kg/ha), pri Äemu je ostvareni
prinos na ovoj dubini oranja za 750 kg/ha veÄi od najveÄeg prinosa na dubini oranja od
20 cm. Ostvarena visina prinosa bosiljka predstavlja merilo uticaja dubine oranja na
razvoj biljke i ostvareni prinos kao i ekonomsku isplativost primene poveÄane dubine
oranja u proizvodnji bosiljka. Sadržaj etarskog ulja izražen u procentima kod dubine
oranja od 20 cm kretao se od 0,40% do 0,60%, a pri dubini oranja od 40 cm kretao se u
granicama od 0,63% do 0,87%, Ŕto je za 0,23%, odnosno 0,27% viŔe pri dubini oranja od
40 cm.
Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata zakljuÄuje se da poveÄanje dubine oranja utiÄe na
poveÄanje prinosa i sadržaja etarskog ulja kod proizvodnje bosiljka
Uticaj biomase na smanjenje emisije ugljen dioksida
Biomass can be considered strategic potential, not only because it is a renewable source of energy and it is widespread, but also because its application can provide a sufficient amount of energy to reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, resulting in a minimum negative impact on environment. This paper presents an overview of techniques for biomass burning, as well as technical and technological characteristics of plant for the production of energy from biomass in order to promote the implementation of renewable energy sources. It also presents the option and joint combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. The decisive factor in the increased use of biomass should be its low acquisition and operating costs, but the application of modern low-emission incinerator is economically viable only for large plants, because then gets maximum effect from the problem of fuel (straw and specially planted Culture (Miscanthus Sinesis).Biomasa se može smatrati strategijskim potencijalom, ne samo zbog toga Å”to je obnovljiv izvor energije i Å”to je Å”iroko rasprostranjena, veÄ i zbog toga Å”to
se njenom primenom može obezbediti dovoljna koliÄina energije uz redukovanje emisije CO2 i drugih Å”tetnih gasova, Äime se postiže minimalan negativan uticaj na životnu sredinu. U radu je dat pregled tehnika za spaljivanje biomase, kao i tehniÄko-tehnoloÅ”ke karakteristike toplana za proizvodnju energije iz biomase u cilju promovisanja primene ovog obnovljivog izvora energije. TakoÄe, predstavljena je i opcija zajedniÄkog sagorevanja biomase i fosilnih goriva. OdluÄujuÄi faktor u pojaÄanom koriÅ”Äenju biomase trebali bi biti njeni niski nabavni i eksploatacioni troÅ”kovi, ali primena modernih spalionica sa niskom emisijom je ekonomski opravdana samo na velikim postrojenjima, jer se tada dobija maksimalan uÄinak i iz problematiÄnih goriva (slama i specijalno zasaÄene kulture (Miscanthus Sinesis)
Posledice nesreÄa sa traktorima u poljoprivredi sa uÄeÅ”Äem starije populacije farmera
In agricultural production of the Republic of Macedonia, during the usage of
tractors in the field or in public transportation, a large number of accidents occurs. These
accidents often have heavy bodily injuries and tragic outcomes as consequences for the
participants. Gathered data notes that injuries involving tractors, related to farmers older
than 59 years of age, have an increased frequency. Older farmer population also has an
increased percentage of injuries with tragic outcomes. During the period of the research,
from 1999 to 2003, there has been a total of 101 tragic deaths in the Republic of
Macedonia, 57 (or 56.44%) of which in traffic accidents and 44 (or 43.56%) in accidents
involving tractor usage under agriculture circumstances. These accidents included the
tragic deaths of 13 farmers aged 55 to 65 (or 15.29% of the total number of deaths), and
14 farmers older than 65 (or 16.47%).
It should be noted that the most common causes that influence the increased number
of tragic accidents involving older farmer population are their reduced perceptive,
mental and physical abilities, which greatly effect the safety during work.U poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji u eksploataciji traktora na njivi ili u javnom
saobraÄaju u R. Makedoniji, javlja se veliki broj nesreÄa, kada uÄesnici najÄeÅ”Äe, kao
posledice, imaju teÅ”ke telesne povrede, ili su to tragiÄne posledice. Podaci iz literature
pokazuju da povrede na traktorima, koje su vezane za godine starosti farmera iznad 59
godina starosti, imaju poveÄanu frekvenciju. Starija populacija farmera ima i veÄi
procenat povreda sa tragiÄnim posledicama. U periodu istraživanja od 1999. do 2003.
godine u Republici Makedoniji, ukupno je tragiÄno nastradalo 101 osoba, od kojih 57
(56,44%) u saobraÄajnim nesreÄama i 44 (43,56%) u nesreÄama pri radu sa traktorima u
poljoprivrednim uslovima. U ovim nesreÄama bilo je ukupno tragiÄno nastradalih
farmera u starosnoj grupi od 55 do 65 godina, 13 osoba ili 15,29%, i iznad 65 godina 14
osoba, ili 16,47%.
Kao najÄeÅ”Äi uzrok koji utiÄe na poveÄanje broja tragiÄnih sluÄajeva kod starije
populacije farmera, treba navesti, njihove smanjene senzorne i psihomotorne
sposobnosti, koje utiÄu na bezbednost u toku rada
NesreÄe sa prevrtanjem traktora u Makedoniji
In this paper are the results of the rollover tractor accidents in Macedonia. In
the period of investigation from 1999 to 2003 in Macedonia occurred total 398 tractor
traffic accidents and accidents with tractors on the field. The 212 tractor traffic accidents
are the results from collision between tractors and other vehicle on the roads, and 120
accidents are divide in 6 varieties of traffic accidents. As the results of the lost control of
the vehicle in tractor traffic accidents happened 34 accidents with lending of vehicle
of the road and 34 tractor rollovers. In this period of investigation occurred 66 tractor
accidents on the field. According to the variety of accidents 41 accidents are the results
of tractor rollover.U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati ispitivanja nesreÄa sa traktorima u
poljoprivredi Makedonije. Posebna pažnja posveÄena je nesreÄama koja su rezultat
prevrtanje traktora u saobraÄajnim udesima i nesreÄe pri radu sa traktorom. U periodu
ispitivanja od 1999 do 2003 godine dogodilo se ukupno 398 nesreÄa sa traktorima. Od
toga 212 saobraÄajnih nesreÄa su rezultat sudara traktora i ostalih motornih vozila, a 120
nesreÄa, podeljene su u 6 vrsta saobraÄajnih nesreÄa. Zbog gubljenja kontrole nad
vozilom u saobraÄajnim nesreÄama, najÄeÅ”Äe dolazi do prevrtanja ili sletanja vozila sa
kolovoza gde je pojedinaÄno evidentirano 34 nesreÄe ovog tipa nesreÄa. U periodu
istraživanja dogodilo se joÅ” 66 nesreÄa pri radu sa traktorom. Prema vrsti nesreÄa pri
radu sa traktorom najviÅ”e 41 nesreÄa je rezultat prevrtanja traktora
Posledice uÄeÅ”Äa mladih osoba u nesreÄama sa traktorima u Republici Makedoniji
This paper presents the results from investigation of fatal consequences
among children and young people in tractor accidents in Republic of Macedonia.
According from the results of the investigation from 1999 to 2008 in Macedonia was
injured 29 children and young people from 1 to 18 years old.
From the total number of injured children and young people with fatal consequences
21 or 72,41% are in tractor public traffic accidents and 8 or 27,59% in tractor accidents
on the field. Five young people with fatal injuries in tractor accidents died like tractor
operators, and four children who drove a tractor had hard injuries.U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja tragiÄnih posledica sa decom i
mladim osobama u nesreÄama sa traktorima u poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije.
Prema rezultatima istraživanja od 1999 do 2008 godine u Republici Makedoniji ukupno
je poginulo 29 dece i mladih osoba do 18 godina starosti. Od ukupnog broja 21 ili
72,41% poginuli su u saobraÄajnim nesreÄama, a 8 ili 27,59% u nesreÄama pri radu sa
traktorima u poljoprivrednim uslovima. Kao rukovaoci traktora poginulo je 5 mladih
osoba, a 4 osobe su maloletni rukovaoci traktora, sa posledicama nesreÄa koje su
kategorisane, kao teŔke telesne povrede
Istraživanje novog tehniÄko-tehnoloÅ”kog reÅ”enja u zasnivanju voÄnjaka kombinovanim oruÄem rigoler ārazrivaÄ u obradi zemljiÅ”ta
Modern agriculture requires the use of modern technology, with new
technical and technological solutions. Basic agro-technical operation in phase of
establishing orchards and vineyards that requires large amounts of energy is plowing, for
its specificity called rigoling. Trenching phase consumes greatest portion of energy int he processing and preparation of land in general and especially for the establishment of
cultural agricultural fruit-grape production. There are more operational technologies, and
this paper analyses classical technology, and combined technology using rigoler and
plowing tools for soil cultivation.
When classic technologies are applied, soil is cut and sectioned, moved and crushed,
thus creating loose soil layer. The depth of processed soil is different for different fruitgrape
crops, depending on the needs of the root system, as penetration depth and the
breadth of development, ranging between 60 and 100 cm.
Such technology moves active soil layer to the inactive bottom of the furrow, while
inactive soil layer is removed to the surface. This technology has to be defined for
different soil types.
Combined technical-technological solution using a rigoler with built-in plow
enables the achievement of working depth required by the root system, but the inactive
soil layer is not moved to the surface of the plowed soil. The lower topsoil layer is only
shaken and broken. Work technology combining rigoler and plow in one pass, can
significantly increase technological production, while saving significant amounts of
energy. This technology should be applied to avoid unnecessary expenditure of energy.U radu su prikazani rezultati ostvarenih vuÄnih otpora pri rigolovanju
zemljiÅ”ta sa plugom rigolerom na dubini od 60 cm, 70 cm, 80 cm i 90 cm, kao i vuÄni
otpori rigolera sa dodatnim radnim organom u obliku dleta. Dodatkom dleta, dubina
rigolovanja po varijantama rada, poveÄana je za 10 cm, 15 cm i 20 cm.
Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da na poveÄanim dubinama rigolovanja, specifiÄan otpor
zemljiŔta ima nepromenjenu vrednost kao i pri samom rigolovanju. Ovo se postiže time
Å”to je odnos poveÄane dubine rigolovanja veÄi od poveÄanog vuÄnog otpora sa dodatkom
dleta. EkonomiÄnost upotrebe dleta je do 70 cm rigolovanja i 20 cm dubine rada dleta.
Iznad 70 cm rigolovanja primena dleta se ekonomski smanjuje, jer se na toj dubini
ispunjava agrotehniÄki zahtev
Uticaj elektronskih sistema na stabilnost vanputnih vozila
Application of electronic systems in al fields of design and exploitation
significantly improved development of motor vehicles and their systems.
Electronics especially affected particular fields of motor vehicles development, such
as: power aggregates function, transmission, operatorās safety and vehicle stability.
Electronic systems for improvement of the off road vehicles stability:
- ABS-Anti-lock Braking Sistem,
- EBD-Electronic Brake Force Distribution,
- HAC-Hill Start Assist Control,
- A-TRAC-Active Traction Control,
- TPM-Tire Presure Monitor
These electronic systems significantly improve stability in difficult exploitation
conditions and are consisting part of large number of new self propelled agricultural
machines and tractors.
Application of electronic systems also increases exploitation safety of machinery
and vehicles, which multiplies their value.Upotrebom elektronskih sistema u svim oblastima projektovanja i eksploatacije
znatno se napredovalo na usavrŔavanju motornih vozila i njihovih sistema.
Elektronika je pogotovo uticala na pojedina polja razvoja motornih vozila, kao Ŕto su:
upravljanje radom pogonskih agregata, upravljanje transmisijom, bezbednost rukovaoca,
stabilnost i prohodnost vozila.
Elektronski sistemi za poboljŔanje stabilnosti vanputnih vozila su [3], [4], [5]:
- ABS-Anti-lock Braking Sistem,
- EBD-Electronic Brake Force Distribution,
- HAC-Hill Start Assist Control,
- A-TRAC-Active Traction Control,
- TPM-Tire Presure Monitor.
Navedenim elektronskim sistemima se znatno utiÄe na poboljÅ”anje stabilnosti i
poveÄanje prohodnosti u otežanim uslovima eksploatacije i oni su sastavni deo velikog
broja samohodnih poljoprivrednih maŔina i traktora novije generacije.
Upotrebom elektronskih sistema znatno se poveÄava i bezbednost eksploatacije
maŔina i vozila, tako da je njihova upotrebna vrednost viŔestruka
Preventivne mere u spreÄavanju udesa sa traktorima u poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije
In this paper are presented prevention measures for decreasing the number of
tractor accidents in agriculture in Republic of Macedonia. According from the results of
the investigation from 1999 to 2003 in agriculture production was reported 398 tractor
accidents.
As the results of disrespect of traffic signs and regulations happened 203 (51, 00%)
accidents, psycho-physical condition and poorly experience was cause of 87 (21,86%)
accidents and 42 (10,55%) accidents are results of mistakes of pedestrians, riders and
technical malfunction of vehicles. In agricultural condition on the field happened 66
(16,58%) tractor accidents. For decreasing the number of tractor related accidents and
injuries in the agriculture production in Republic of Macedonia, we have to implement
recommendations which are described in: Regulations for tractor safety, Technical
solution for increasing of tractor safety, and The organization measures for safety tractor
exploitation.U radu su prikazane preventivne mere u cilju spreÄavanja udesa sa traktorima u
poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije. Prema rezultatima istraživanja u vremenskom
periodu od 1999 do 2003 godine, dogodilo se ukupno 398 nesreÄa u kojima su
uÄestvovali traktori. Kao rezultat nepoÅ”tovanja saobraÄajnih znakova i propisa dogodilo
se 203 (51,00 %) nesreÄa, psiho-fiziÄko stanje i nedovoljno iskustva rukovaoca traktora
uzrok je 87 (21,86%) nesreÄa, a greÅ”ke peÅ”aka, putnika i tehniÄka neispravnost vozila 42
(10,55%) nesreÄa. Pri radu sa traktorima u poljoprivrednim uslovima dogodilo se
ukupno 66 ( ili 16,58%) nesreÄa. Kao posledice u ovim nesreÄama nastradalo je ukupno
610 osoba. Sa ciljem spreÄavanja udesa i smanjenja broja povreÄenih osoba u
poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije treba dosledno se pridržavati prema predloženim
preventivnim merama koje su navedene u:
ā¢ zakonskim regulativama sigurnosti rada TMA,
ā¢ tehniÄka reÅ”enja za poveÄanje bezbednosti i sigurnosti rada TMA, i
ā¢ organizaciona reÅ”enja rada TM
Uticaj razliÄitih tipova kombajna za ubiranje kamilice na kvalitet ubiranja i visinu dobiti u proizvodnji kamilice
This paper presents the results of three conceptually different types of
chamomile harvester and their impact on the quality of the harvested chamomile and
profit during the production process. Three working modes of each harvester are considered and values of realized losses and the quality of harvested chamomile are
determined.
It was found that choosing the type of engaged harvester and its working mode can
affect the quality of harvested chamomile, as well as the profit achieved in the entire
production process.U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja tri koncepcijski razliÄita
tipa kombajna za ubiranje kamilice i njihov uticaj na kvalitet ubrane sirovine i ostvarenu
dobit tokom procesa proizvodnje. Posmatrana su tri režima rada svakog od kombajna i
utvrÄeni su vrednosti ostvarenih gubitaka i kvaliteta ubrane kamilice.
UtvrÄeno je da se izborom tipa angažovanog kombajna i režima rada može uticati na
kvalitet ubrane kamilice, kao i na ostvarenu dobit u celokupnom proizvodnom ciklusu