Xyloglucan Biosynthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris

A particulate enzyme preparation from suspension-cultured bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was shown to incorporate xylose from UDP-D-[U14C] xylose, fucose from GDP-D-[U14C]fucose, and glucose from UDP-D-glucose, into polysaccharide. The xylosyltransferase was dependent upon the presence of UDP-glucose, and was stimulated and apparently protected by GDP-glucose and GDP-mannose, though neither was able to replace UDP-glucose as a glycosyl donor. The product of the reaction was identified as xyloglucan by analysis of the products of enzyme breakdown and acid hydrolysis, and by a cellulose binding study. Molecular weight determination following proteinase K digestion indicated that the nascent xyloglucan is closely attached to protein. Pre-incubation of the enzyme with UDP-glucose stimulated incorporated from UDP-D-[U14C] xylose suggesting the simultaneous presence of both nucleotides is not necessary for growth of the polysaccharide. The fucosyltransferase was not dependent upon the presence of other sugar nucleotides, though some stimulation by UDP-galactose occurred. Fucose was transferred from GDP-D-[U14C] fucose into a polysaccharide with the characteristics of xyloglucan, as indicated by enzyme and acid hydrolysis. Transfer of glucose from UDP-D-[U14C] glucose showed no stimulation by UDP-xylose and was slightly inhibited at higher concentrations of UDP-xylose. The product of the transfer was susceptible to beta1-3 glucanase digestion and did not show enzyme hydrolysis products characteristic of xyloglucan

The \u27bildungsgedicht\u27 As Garden In Nineteenth- And Twentieth Century Canadian Long Poems

Much of the recent interest in the Canadian long poem has centered on poems that have been written in the last two decades. This thesis links the contemporary Canadian long poem with earlier developments by examining one kind of long poem that appears throughout Canada\u27s literary history: the Bildungsgedicht or formation poem in which the creation of community parallels the creation of character. Like the Bildungsroman, these poems deal with the formative years or spiritual education (OED) of characters, but within the context of the growth and development of communities, often using the topos of the garden with its varied implications of planting, progress, and paradise.;In the pre-Confederation period, several poems including John Richardson\u27s Tecumseh (1828,1842) and Adam Kidd\u27s The Huron Chief (1830) treat Indian heroes as Adamic figures inhabiting a passing paradise. Adam Hood Burwell gives this Adamic role to the settler in Talbot Road: A Poem (1818) anticipating the pattern of Oliver Goldsmith\u27s Rising Village (1825,1834). In Acadia (1832-1833), Joseph Howe attempts to incorporate both positions with awkward, but engaging, results. In the Confederation period, the Eve figure comes into her own in the title character of IsabelIa Valancy Crawford\u27s Malcolm\u27s Katie: A Love Story (1884). Crawford attempts a new definition of the garden and a woman\u27s role in it, as does Archibald Lampman in The Story of an Affinity (1892). In the Modern period, Anne Marriott\u27s The Wind Our Enemy (1937) explores the duality of the Canadian garden as both Eden and Gethsemane as does E. J. Pratt\u27s Brebeuf and His Brethren (1940) with its biblical symbolism of the buried seed bearing fruit. James Reaney\u27s Twelve Letters to a Small Town (1962) is both different from and similar to Robert Kroetsch\u27s Seed Catalogue (1977), a post-modern poem that is self-reflexive and fragmentary, playfully employing and subverting poetic conventions in a context of continuing structure and perpetual growth.;Throughout the thesis, the garden and its inhabitants are studied against a background of changing perceptions and poetics. Both historical context and current theoretical perspectives are used to illuminate structure and theme, intertextuality and subtext, the transplanted and the indigenous

How public libraries in Western Australia support the language and literacy learning of children from birth to age three years

Early language and literacy skills develop rapidly during the first three years of children’s lives. Successful development of these skills is based on dynamic interactions and supportive relationships within children’s families and communities. However, nearly a quarter of Australia’s children do not receive the necessary support or proactive interactions, and therefore start their schooling at age four or five with inadequate language and literacy skills. Reducing early difficulties is beneficial since evidence indicates that children who struggle at the start of their education rarely catch up. Children and their families may be supported with language and literacy learning by engaging with programs, activities and resources at local public libraries. Such programs, activities and resources are offered at no cost to the user and are found in more than 1,500 communities throughout Australia. Yet this study reveals that Western Australian libraries’ early language and literacy role is undervalued and often unknown. Policy makers have limited understanding of libraries’ capacities, and families lack awareness of what libraries provide. Impediments to library use by young families remain, including persistent out-dated perceptions of libraries as unsuitable places for young children. This study engaged qualitative research methods to gather data on the lived experience of families with young children when engaging with library based language and literacy programs, activities and resources. It also gathered data from families with young children who did not engage with such services, and from library staff with a range of roles. Library based events offering language and literacy content for children from birth to age three years and their parents/carers were observed, along with library use by this cohort during regular opening hours. Six different library facilities from Local Government Areas in metropolitan, regional and rural environments in Western Australia participated. Audits of facilities and resources were conducted to collect comprehensive information about public library services for young children and their families. The study proposes that improving awareness of libraries and their role in early language and literacy learning may assist young children and their families in children’s years before formal schooling. Building awareness may involve libraries engaging in broader outreach, creating innovative promotional opportunities, and developing robust evaluative processes. This may result in increased engagement and more children arriving at school with effective language and literacy skills, prompting subsequent benefits for their educational, social, emotional and financial futures

Different predictors of intimate partner and natal family violence against women

Background: Violence against women is often studied in the context of violence from intimate partners. However, women receive violence from a wider range of individuals—such as their natal kin—including their siblings, parents, uncles and cousins. Applying insights from evolutionary theory, we examine whether cousin marriage, which has been hypothesized to both reduce the risk of partner violence but increase the risk of natal family violence, associates differently with each type of violence. Second, we test whether common risk factors for partner violence, such as wealth, associate similarly with natal violence. // Methodology: We analyse over 16 000 Jordanian women from three cohorts of the Jordan Demographic Health Surveys. Predictor variables include type of cousin marriage (patrilateral or matrilateral), education, wealth, number of children, urban living and polygyny. Outcome variables include whether a woman’s husband or her natal family has ever been physically violent towards her. // Results: Being married to a patrilateral cousin but not a matrilateral cousin is associated with a reduced risk of reporting intimate partner violence (IPV). By contrast being married to a matrilateral cousin but not a patrilateral one is associated with a reduced risk of reporting natal family violence. As expected, wealth is negatively associated with reporting partner violence, but we find no association with reports of natal family violence. Finally, individuals with more children are more likely to report IPV. // Conclusions and implications: Findings indicate the importance of distinguishing between types of cousin marriage and highlight substantial differences in risk factors for intimate partner compared to natal family violence

Concentration of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Tomato Plants Throughout the Growing Season of Two Glasshouse Crops and a Field Crop

Author Institution: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohi

Alice Ruth Patterson and Doak Sheridan Campbell in a Senior Recital

This is the program for the joint senior recital of pianist Alice Ruth Patterson and baritone Doak Sheridan Campbell. Mr. Mitchell accompanied the performance. The recital took place on March 20, 1911, in the Ouachita Auditorium

Can Children See Emotions in Faces?

One way in which we figure out how people are feeling is by looking at their faces. Being able to do this allows us to react in the right way in social situations. But, are young children good at recognizing facial expressions showing emotion? And how does this ability develop throughout childhood and the teenage years? Children are able to recognize certain emotions very well when they are just 6 years old, but become better at recognizing other emotions as they grow older. At all ages, girls seem to have less difficulty than boys in recognizing emotions. Hormones that our bodies produce at puberty do not only influence how our bodies develop but also influence how our brains develop and how we change emotionally. Understanding more about the typical development of emotion recognition can guide us in helping children who have difficulties with these skills