1,000 research outputs found
Administration of Justice Is Archaic -The Rise of Modern Court Administration: Assessing Roscoe Pound\u27s Court Administration Prescriptions
Note. This is a heavily edited and partially reorganized version of the CC/COSCA panel on The Rise of Modem Court Administration. In it, Sue Dosal and Mary McQueen assess three changes advocated by Pound in respect to the organization of courts, based on their experiences as state court administrators in Minnesota and Washington, and their familiarity with court administration in other states. Russell Wheeler introduced the session, posed the questions, and was primarily responsible for editing, annotating, and partially reorganizing the panel transcript, which Dosal and McQueen edited as well.
Conference of Chief Justices and Conference of State Court Administrators Annual Meeting July 29-August 2, 2006 Indianapolis, Indiana
Evaluation of Hay-Type and Grazing Tolerant Alfalfa Hybrids in Season-Long or Complementary Rotational Stocking Systems for Beef Cows
Pastures containing hay-type and grazing tolerant alfalfa hybrids were grazed in a season-long or complementary rotational stocking system with Nfertilized smooth bromegrass. The pastures were stocked at a seasonal density of .8 cow-calf pairs per acre for 120 days in 1998 and 141 days in 1999. Pastures were intensively managed by daily stripstocking with the assumptions that 50% of live forage was available and daily live dry matter consumption of each cow-calf pair was 3.5% of the cow’s body weight. First-cutting forage was harvested as hay from 40% of the pasture acres to remove excess forage growth early in the grazing season. Grazing occurred on the remaining 60% of each pasture for the first 44 and 54 days and 100% of each pasture after days 45 and 55 in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Proportions of ‘Amerigraze’ and ‘Affinity’ alfalfa in the live forage dry matter decreased by 70% and 55% in pastures stocked season-long and by 60% and 42% in pastures used for complementary stocking (alfalfa type, p\u3c.05; grazing management, p\u3c.05) in 1998, but decreased by a mean of 72% and was unaffected by hybrid or stocking system in 1999. Cows grazing either alfalfa hybrid by either grazing system had greater weight gains during the breeding and overall grazing seasons and greater increases in body condition score pre-breeding and during the breeding season than the cows that grazed smooth bromegrass for the entire season in 1998. Also, cows grazing either alfalfa hybrid in the season-long system had greater breeding season increases in body condition score than cows grazing alfalfa in the complementary system with smooth bromegrass in 1998. Cows grazing in the season-long alfalfa system had greater prebreeding season weight (p\u3c.10) increases and condition score (p\u3c.05) increases than cows grazing alfalfa in the complementary system in 1999. Daily and seasonal body weight gains of calves were not affected (p\u3e.10) by the presence of alfalfa in 1998 or by alfalfa type and grazing management in 1998 and 1999. Total animal production (cow and calf) in 1998 was greater (p\u3c.10) from the season-long alfalfa pastures compared with the complementary stocked pastures. Total (p\u3c.10) and live (p\u3c.05) forage masses, estimated by monthly clippings, were greater in September of 1998 from the season-long alfalfa pastures than pastures using alfalfa for complementary stocking. Total (p\u3c.10) and live (p\u3c.05) forage masses were greater in August of 1999 from season-long alfalfa pastures than pastures using alfalfa for complementary stocking
Effects of Chemical Composition on Forage Intake of Heifers Fed Hays of Different Species
Alfalfa, smooth bromegrass, and big bluestem hays harvested at two maturities differing by four weeks were fed at mature-to-immature hay ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:2, and 0:1 to yearling heifers in an experiment with a three 4 x 4 Latin square design with 14 day periods. Concentrations of in vitro digestible dry matter and crude protein were greater and concentrations of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (determined by either a manual method with a 96 hour incubation or an automated method with a 48 hour incubation) were less in alfalfa hay than in the two grass hays and in smooth bromegrass hay than in big bluestem hay. Concentrations of in vitro digestible dry matter and crude protein decreased whereas those of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and indigestible neutral detergent fiber increased with increasing forage maturity. Consumptions of dry matter, digestible dry matter, in vitro digestible dry matter, and crude protein were greater for heifers fed alfalfa hay diets than those fed the two grasses. Consumptions of total neutral detergent fiber and indigestible neutral detergent fiber, determined by the automated method with a 48 hour incubation, were greater by heifers fed diets containing big bluestem than those fed alfalfa or smooth bromegrass diets. Consumptions of acid detergent fiber and indigestible neutral detergent fiber, determined by a manual method with a 96 hour incubation, were greater for heifers fed alfalfa or big bluestem hay diets than those of heifers fed smooth bromegrass diets. Consumption of dry matter, in vivo or in vitro digestible dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and automated indigestible neutral detergent fiber decreased as the mature-to-immature hay ratio decreased. Diet digestibility was not affected by forage species, but increased as the mature-toimmature hay ratio decreased. Fecal excretion of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber did not differ between forage species or mature-to-immature hay ratios. Forage dry matter intake expressed as a percentage of body weight was significantly related to the concentrations of in vitro digestible dry matter (r2=.14), crude protein (r2=.17), neutral detergent fiber (r2=.20), and manual indigestible neutral detergent fiber (r2=.18) of the hays and the concentration of digestible dry matter of the diets (r2=.43)
Complementary grazing systems for beef cattle production
Pasture productivity in Iowa often is limited by the low yield of cool-season grasses in the summer. This project considers whether uneven seasonal distribution in pastures could be improved by including species that perform better under higher temperatures
Diet-induced insulin resistance elevates hippocampal glutamate as well as VGLUT1 and GFAP expression in AβPP/PS1 mice.
The symptomologies of Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) develop over decades suggesting modifiable lifestyle factors may contribute to disease pathogenesis. In humans, hyperinsulinemia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk for developing AD and both diseases share similar age-related etiologies including amyloidogenesis. Since we have demonstrated that soluble Aβ42 elicits glutamate release, we wanted to understand how diet-induced insulin resistance alters hippocampal glutamate dynamics, which are important for memory formation and consolidation. Eight to twelve-week-old C57BL/6J and AβPP/PS1 mice were placed on either a low-fat diet or high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 months. A HFD led to significant weight increases as well as impaired insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and learning in both C57BL/6J and AβPP/PS1 mice. AβPP/PS1 low-fat diet mice had elevated hippocampal basal as well as stimulus-evoked glutamate release that was further increased with consumption of a HFD. Immunohistochemistry indicated an increase in vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein density in hippocampal subregions corresponding with this elevated extracellular glutamate. While no differences in hippocampal plaque load were observed, the elevated astrogliotic response surrounding the plaques in AβPP/PS1 HFD mice may have been a compensatory mechanism to control plaque accumulation. These data support that AβPP/PS1 mice have chronically elevated extracellular glutamate that is exacerbated by a HFD and that modifiable lifestyle factors such as obesity-induced insulin resistance can contribute to AD pathogenesis. Open Data: Materials are available on https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/ https://osf.io/93n6m/
Outcomes of Disconnective Surgery in Intractable Pediatric Hemispheric and Subhemispheric Epilepsy
Objectives: To study the outcome of disconnective epilepsy surgery for intractable hemispheric and sub-hemispheric pediatric epilepsy. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the epilepsy surgery database was done in all children (age <18 years) who underwent a peri-insular hemispherotomy (PIH) or a peri-insular posterior quadrantectomy (PIPQ) from April 2000 to March 2011. All patients underwent a detailed pre surgical evaluation. Seizure outcome was assessed by the Engel's classification and cognitive skills by appropriate measures of intelligence that were repeated annually. Results: There were 34 patients in all. Epilepsy was due to Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE), Infantile hemiplegia seizure syndrome (IHSS), Hemimegalencephaly (HM), Sturge Weber syndrome (SWS) and due to post encephalitic sequelae (PES). Twenty seven (79.4%) patients underwent PIH and seven (20.6%) underwent PIPQ. The mean follow up was 30.5 months. At the last follow up, 31 (91.1%) were seizure free. The age of seizure onset and etiology of the disease causing epilepsy were predictors of a Class I seizure outcome. Conclusions: There is an excellent seizure outcome following disconnective epilepsy surgery for intractable hemispheric and subhemispheric pediatric epilepsy. An older age of seizure onset, RE, SWS and PES were good predictors of a Class I seizure outcome
POLG DNA testing as an emerging standard of care before instituting valproic acid therapy for pediatric seizure disorders
AbstractPurposeTo review our clinical experience and determine if there are appropriate signs and symptoms to consider POLG sequencing prior to valproic acid (VPA) dosing in patients with seizures.MethodsFour patients who developed VPA-induced hepatotoxicity were examined for POLG sequence variations. A subsequent chart review was used to describe clinical course prior to and after VPA dosing.ResultsFour patients of multiple different ethnicities, age 3–18 years, developed VPA-induced hepatotoxicity. All were given VPA due to intractable partial seizures. Three of the patients had developed epilepsia partialis continua. The time from VPA exposure to liver failure was between 2 and 3 months. Liver failure was reversible in one patient. Molecular studies revealed homozygous p.R597W or p.A467T mutations in two patients. The other two patients showed compound heterozygous mutations, p.A467T/p.Q68X and p.L83P/p.G888S. Clinical findings and POLG mutations were diagnostic of Alpers–Huttenlocher syndrome.ConclusionOur cases underscore several important findings: POLG mutations have been observed in every ethnic group studied to date; early predominance of epileptiform discharges over the occipital region is common in POLG-induced epilepsy; the EEG and MRI findings varying between patients and stages of the disease; and VPA dosing at any stage of Alpers–Huttenlocher syndrome can precipitate liver failure. Our data support an emerging proposal that POLG gene testing should be considered in any child or adolescent who presents or develops intractable seizures with or without status epilepticus or epilepsia partialis continua, particularly when there is a history of psychomotor regression
Oxaloacetate Enhances Neuronal Cell Bioenergetic Fluxes and Infrastructure
"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Wilkins, Heather M. et al. “Oxaloacetate Enhances Neuronal Cell Bioenergetic Fluxes and Infrastructure.” Journal of neurochemistry 137.1 (2016): 76–87., which has been published in final form at 10.1111/jnc.13545. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."We tested how the addition of oxaloacetate (OAA) to SH-SY5Y cells affected bioenergetic fluxes and infrastructure, and compared the effects of OAA to malate, pyruvate, and glucose deprivation. OAA displayed pro-glycolysis and pro-respiration effects. OAA pro-glycolysis effects were not a consequence of decarboxylation to pyruvate because unlike OAA, pyruvate lowered the glycolysis flux. Malate did not alter glycolysis flux and reduced mitochondrial respiration. Glucose deprivation essentially eliminated glycolysis and increased mitochondrial respiration. OAA increased, while malate decreased, the cell NAD+/NADH ratio. Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) protein increased with OAA treatment, but not with malate or glucose deprivation. Glucose deprivation increased protein levels of ATP citrate lyase, an enzyme which produces cytosolic OAA, while OAA altered neither ATP citrate lyase mRNA nor protein levels. OAA, but not glucose deprivation, increased COX2, PGC1α, PGC1β, and PRC protein levels. OAA increased total and phosphorylated SIRT1 protein. We conclude that adding OAA to SH-SY5Y cells can support or enhance both glycolysis and respiration fluxes. These effects appear to depend, at least partly, on OAA causing a shift in the cell redox balance to a more oxidized state, that it is not a glycolysis pathway intermediate, and possibly its ability to act in an anaplerotic fashion
Computation Provides Chemical Insight into the Diverse Hydride NMR Chemical Shifts of [Ru(NHC)<sub>4</sub>(L)H]<sup>0/+</sup> Species (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene; L = vacant, H<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, CO, MeCN, O<sub>2</sub>, P<sub>4</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, H<sup>-</sup>, F<sup>-</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup>) and their [Ru(R<sub>2</sub>PCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>PR<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(L)H]<sup>+</sup> Congeners
Relativistic density functional theory calculations, both with and without the effects of spin–orbit coupling, have been employed to model hydride NMR chemical shifts for a series of [Ru(NHC)4(L)H]0/+ species (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene; L = vacant, H2, N2, CO, MeCN, O2, P4, SO2, H−, F− and Cl−), as well as selected phosphine analogues [Ru(R2PCH2CH2PR2)2(L)H]+ (R = iPr, Cy; L = vacant, O2). Inclusion of spin–orbit coupling provides good agreement with the experimental data. For the NHC systems large variations in hydride chemical shift are shown to arise from the paramagnetic term, with high net shielding (L = vacant, Cl−, F−) being reinforced by the contribution from spin–orbit coupling. Natural chemical shift analysis highlights the major orbital contributions to the paramagnetic term and rationalizes trends via changes in the energies of the occupied Ru dπ orbitals and the unoccupied σ*Ru–H orbital. In [Ru(NHC)4(η2-O2)H]+ a δ-interaction with the O2 ligand results in a low-lying LUMO of dπ character. As a result this orbital can no longer contribute to the paramagnetic shielding, but instead provides additional deshielding via overlap with the remaining (occupied) dπ orbital under the Lz angular momentum operator. These two effects account for the unusual hydride chemical shift of +4.8 ppm observed experimentally for this species. Calculations reproduce hydride chemical shift data observed for [Ru(iPr2PCH2CH2PiPr2)2(η2-O2)H]+ (δ = −6.2 ppm) and [Ru(R2PCH2CH2PR2)2H]+ (ca. −32 ppm, R = iPr, Cy). For the latter, the presence of a weak agostic interaction trans to the hydride ligand is significant, as in its absence (R = Me) calculations predict a chemical shift of −41 ppm, similar to the [Ru(NHC)4H]+ analogues. Depending on the strength of the agostic interaction a variation of up to 18 ppm in hydride chemical shift is possible and this factor (that is not necessarily readily detected experimentally) can aid in the interpretation of hydride chemical shift data for nominally unsaturated hydride-containing species. The synthesis and crystallographic characterization of the BArF4− salts of [Ru(IMe4)4(L)H]+ (IMe4 = 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene; L = P4, SO2; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) and [Ru(IMe4)4(Cl)H] are also reported
Comparison of clinical methods with the faecal gluten immunogenic peptide to assess gluten intake in coeliac disease
Objectives: Detection of faecal gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) is a biomarker of recent gluten
consumption. GIP levels can be used to monitor gluten intake and compliment clinical methods to evaluate
compliance to gluten free diet (GFD). In this study, recent gluten intake was measured by GIP in CD children
and compared to routine clinical measures to evaluate GFD compliance.
Methods: GIP was measured in 90 samples from 63 CD children (44 previously and 19 newly diagnosed
with follow-up samples at 6 and 12 months on GFD). Compliance to GFD was evaluated based on clinical
assessment, tTG levels and Biagi score.
Results: GIP was detectable in 16% of patients with previous CD diagnosis on GFD. BMI z-score (p=0.774),
height z-score (p=0.723), haemoglobin concentration (p=0.233), age (p=0.448), gender (p=0.734) or disease
duration (p=0.488) did not differ between those with detectable and non-detectable GIP. In newly
diagnosed patients, on gluten containing diet, GIP was detectable in 95% of them. Following GFD initiation,
GIP decreased (p<0.001); 17% and 27% had detectable levels at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Compared
to GIP, the Biagi score, tTG and clinical assessment presented sensitivity of 17%, 42% and 17%. Likewise,
GIP was detectable in 16%, 16%, 14% of patients evaluated as GFD compliant according to the Biagi score,
tTG and clinical assessment. A combination of methods did not improve identification of patients who were
non-compliant.
Conclusions: Inclusion of faecal GIP measurements is likely to improve identification of GFD recent noncompliance
in CD management and could be incorporated into current follow-up strategies
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