32,139 research outputs found
Preliminary Results from Recent Measurements of the Antiprotonic Helium Hyperfine Structure
We report on preliminary results from a systematic study of the hyperfine
(HF) structure of antiprotonic helium. This precise measurement which was
commenced in 2006, has now been completed. Our initial analysis shows no
apparent density or power dependence and therefore the results can be averaged.
The statistical error of the observable M1 transitions is a factor of 60
smaller than that of three body quantum electrodynamic (QED) calculations,
while their difference has been resolved to a precision comparable to theory (a
factor of 10 better than our first measurement). This difference is sensitive
to the antiproton magnetic moment and agreement between theory and experiment
would lead to an increased precision of this parameter, thus providing a test
of CPT invariance.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Repeated Evolution of Digital Adhesion in Geckos: A Reply to Harrington and Reeder
We published a phylogenetic comparative analysis that found geckos had gained and lost adhesive toepads multiple times over their long evolutionary history (Gamble et al., PLoS One, 7, 2012, e39429). This was consistent with decades of morphological studies showing geckos had evolved adhesive toepads on multiple occasions and that the morphology of geckos with ancestrally padless digits can be distinguished from secondarily padless forms. Recently, Harrington & Reeder (J. Evol. Biol., 30, 2017, 313) reanalysed data from Gamble et al. (PLoS One, 7, 2012, e39429) and found little support for the multiple origins hypothesis. Here, we argue that Harrington and Reeder failed to take morphological evidence into account when devising ancestral state reconstruction models and that these biologically unrealistic models led to erroneous conclusions about the evolution of adhesive toepads in geckos
The average magnetic field draping and consistent plasma properties of the Venus magnetotail
A new technique has been developed to determine the average structure of the Venus magnetotail (in the range from −8 Rv to −12 Rv) from the Pioneer Venus magnetometer observations. The spacecraft position with respect to the cross-tail current sheet is determined from an observed relationship between the field-draping angle and the magnitude of the field referenced to its value in the nearby magnetosheath. This allows us statistically to remove the effects of tail flapping and variability of draping for the first time and thus to map the average field configuration in the Venus tail. From this average configuration we calculate the cross-tail current density distribution and J × B forces. Continuity of the tangential electric field is utilized to determine the average variations of the X-directed velocity which is shown to vary from −250 km/s at −8 Rv to −470 km/s at −12 Rv. From the calculated J × B forces, plasma velocity, and MHD momentum equation the approximate plasma acceleration, density, and temperature in the Venus tail are determined. The derived ion density is approximately ∼0.07 p+/cm³ (0.005 O+/cm³) in the lobes and ∼0.9 p+/cm³ (0.06 O+/cm³) in the current sheet, while the derived approximate average plasma temperature for the tail is ∼6×106 K for a hydrogen plasma or ∼9×107 K for an oxygen plasma
Evaluating Variable-Length Multiple-Option Lists in Chatbots and Mobile Search
In recent years, the proliferation of smart mobile devices has lead to the
gradual integration of search functionality within mobile platforms. This has
created an incentive to move away from the "ten blue links'' metaphor, as
mobile users are less likely to click on them, expecting to get the answer
directly from the snippets. In turn, this has revived the interest in Question
Answering. Then, along came chatbots, conversational systems, and messaging
platforms, where the user needs could be better served with the system asking
follow-up questions in order to better understand the user's intent. While
typically a user would expect a single response at any utterance, a system
could also return multiple options for the user to select from, based on
different system understandings of the user's intent. However, this possibility
should not be overused, as this practice could confuse and/or annoy the user.
How to produce good variable-length lists, given the conflicting objectives of
staying short while maximizing the likelihood of having a correct answer
included in the list, is an underexplored problem. It is also unclear how to
evaluate a system that tries to do that. Here we aim to bridge this gap. In
particular, we define some necessary and some optional properties that an
evaluation measure fit for this purpose should have. We further show that
existing evaluation measures from the IR tradition are not entirely suitable
for this setup, and we propose novel evaluation measures that address it
satisfactorily.Comment: 4 pages, in Proceeding of SIGIR 201
Wind, jet, hybrid corona and hard X-ray flares: multiwavelength evolution of GRO J1655-40 during the 2005 outburst rise
We have investigated the complex multiwavelength evolution of GRO J1655-40
during the rise of its 2005 outburst. We detected two hard X-ray flares, the
first one during the transition from the soft state to the ultra-soft state,
and the second one in the ultra-soft state. The first X-ray flare coincided
with an optically thin radio flare. We also observed a hint of increased radio
emission during the second X-ray flare. To explain the hard flares without
invoking a secondary emission component, we fit the entire data set with the
eqpair model. This single, hybrid Comptonization model sufficiently fits the
data even during the hard X-ray flares if we allow reflection fractions greater
than unity. In this case, the hard X-ray flares correspond to a Comptonizing
corona dominated by non-thermal electrons. The fits also require absorption
features in the soft and ultra-soft state which are likely due to a wind. In
this work we show that the wind and the optically thin radio flare co-exist.
Finally, we have also investigated the radio to optical spectral energy
distribution, tracking the radio spectral evolution through the quenching of
the compact jet and rise of the optically thin flare, and interpreted all data
using state transition models.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figure
Semi-Classical Description of Antiproton Capture on Atomic Helium
A semi-classical, many-body atomic model incorporating a momentum-dependent
Heisenberg core to stabilize atomic electrons is used to study antiproton
capture on Helium. Details of the antiproton collisions leading to eventual
capture are presented, including the energy and angular momentum states of
incident antiprotons which result in capture via single or double electron
ionization, i.e. into [He or He], and the
distribution of energy and angular momentum states following the Auger cascade.
These final states are discussed in light of recently reported, anomalously
long-lived antiproton states observed in liquid He.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures may be obtained from authors, Revte
In situ aerosol measurements taken during the 2007 COPS field campaign at the Hornisgrinde ground site
Copyright @ 2011 Royal Meteorological Society.The Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS) campaign was conducted during the summer of 2007. A suite of instruments housed at the top of the Hornisgrinde Mountain (1156 m) in the Black Forest region of south-west Germany provided datasets that allow an investigation into the physical, chemical and hygroscopic properties of the aerosol particles sampled during COPS. Organic mass loadings were found to dominate the aerosol composition for the majority of the project, exceeding 8 µg m−3 during a period of high pressure, high temperature, and low wind speed. The ratio of organic:sulphate sub-micron mass concentration exceeds 10:1 during the same time period. Back trajectories show air from this time-frame passing slowly over the local forest and not passing over any local anthropogenic sources. Occasional peaks in nitrate mass loadings were associated with changes in the typical wind direction from south-westerly to north-westerly where air had passed over the Stuttgart region. Size distribution data shows a dominant accumulation-mode when the measurement site was free from precipitation events. A sharp increase in ultrafine particle number concentration was seen during most days commencing around noon. The apparent growth of these particles is associated with an increase in organic mass loading, suggesting condensational growth. For the most part, with the exception of the high pressure period, the aerosol properties recorded during COPS were comparable to previous studies of continental aerosol properties.NER
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