The Romanian Journal of European Studies No.4/2005

The Romanian Journal of European Studies No.4/2005 ISSN 1583 - 199X EUV - Editura Universitatii de Vest, Timisoara, 2005 The British Coucil in Bucharest and The School of High Comparative European Studies (SISEC), within the West University of Timisoara, edited The Romanian Journal of European Studies - special issue on migration and mobility (Guest editor: Mr. Martin GEIGER, Bonn University, Germany; contact: [email protected]). For more information or to obtain a printed copy, please contact Mr. Dan MOGA, at SISEC (E-mail: [email protected]) CONTENTS: Foreword; Grigore Silasi ... page 5 Editorial; Martin Geiger ... pages 7 - 8 Forms and Features of the Post-Enlargement Migration Space; Paolo Ruspini ... pages 9 - 18 Managing Migration for an Enlarging Europe - Inter-governmental Organizations and the Governance of the Migration Flows; Martin Geiger ... pages 19 - 30 Balkan Migrations and The European Union: Patterns and Trends; Martin Baldwin-Edwards ... pages 31 - 43 Workers' Mobility': Europe's Integration and Second Thoughts; Peter van Krieken ... pages 45 - 53 Romania's External Migration in the Context of Accesion to the EU: Mechanisms, Institutions and Social-Cultural Issues; Luminita Nicolescu, Daniela-Luminita Constantin ... pages 55 - 63 Migrations et incidence sur la répartition spatiale de la population en Roumanie au niveau national et régional; Vasile Ghetau ... pages 65 - 8

Migration, Mobility and Human Rights at the Eastern Border of the European Union - Space of Freedom and Security

This edited collection of migration papers would like to emphasise the acute need for migration related study and research in Romania. At this time, migration and mobility are studied as minor subjects in Economics, Sociology, Political Sciences and European Studies only (mostly at post-graduate level). We consider that Romanian universities need more ‘migration studies’, while research should cover migration as a whole, migration and mobility being analysed from different points of view – social, economical, legal etc. Romania is part of the European Migration Space not only as a source of labourers for the European labour market, but also as source of quality research for the European scientific arena. Even a country located at the eastern border of the European Union, we consider Romania as part of the European area of freedom, security and justice, and therefore interested in solving correctly all challenges incurred by the complex phenomena of migration and workers’ mobility at the European level. The waves of illegal immigrants arriving continuously on the Spanish, Italian and Maltese shores, and the workers’ flows from the new Member States from Central and Eastern Europe following the 2004 accession, forced the EU officials and the whole Europe to open the debate on the economical and mostly social consequences of labour mobility. This study volume is our contribution to this important scientific debate. Starting with the spring of 2005, the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence and the School of High Comparative European Studies (SISEC), both within the West University of Timisoara, have proposed a series of events in order to raise the awareness of the Romanian scientific environment on this very sensitive issues: migration and mobility in the widen European Space. An annual international event to celebrate 9 May - The Europe Day was already a tradition for SISEC (an academic formula launched back in 1995 in order to prepare national experts in European affairs, offering academic post-graduate degrees in High European Studies). With the financial support from the Jean Monnet Programme (DG Education and Culture, European Commission), a first migration panel was organised in the framework of the international colloquium ‘Romania and the European Union in 2007’ held in Timisoara between 6 and 7 of May 2005 (panel Migration, Asylum and Human Rights at the Eastern Border of the European Union). Having in mind the positive welcoming of the migration related subjects during the 2005 colloquium, a second event was organised on 5 May 2006 in the framework of the European Year of Workers’ Mobility: the international colloquium Migration and Mobility: Assets and Challenges for the Enlargement of the European Union. In the same period, the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence, SISEC and The British Council in Bucharest have jointly edited two special issues of The Romanian Journal of European Studies, no.4/2005 and 5-6/2006, both dedicated to migration and mobility. Preliminary versions of many of the chapters of this volume were presented at the above mentioned international events. The papers were chosen according to their scientific quality, after an anonymously peer-review selection. The authors debate both theoretical issues and practical results of their research. They are renowned experts at international level, members of the academia, PhD students or experienced practitioners involved in the management of the migration flows at the governmental level. This volume was financed by the Jean Monnet Programme of the Directorate General Education and Culture, European Commission, throughout the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence (C03/0110) within the West University of Timisoara, Romania, and is dedicated to the European Year of Workers’ Mobility 2006. Timisoara, December 200

Confini e nuovi conflitti: i dilemmi delle migrazioni nell’Europa centro-orientale

Borders and New Conflicts: The Dilemmas of Migration from Eastern Europe The scope of this article is to elaborate on a topical issue that is the contemporary migration from Eastern Europe whose origin dates back to the end of the Cold War, but whose intensity has shown significantly again following the recent conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Primary and secondary sources collected over the last twenty years are the research material to which reference will be made in the exposition. The writing is divided into a historical and a contemporary part. The starting point is an analysis of the migration system of Central-Eastern Europe and its origins. After this historical excursus, there follows a brief description of two more recent case studies. The first is the conflict which took place in Autumn 2021on Middle-Eastern and African migrants transferred at the border between Poland and Belarus. The second case study covers the analysis of the causes and contradictions in the management of the large flows of refugees and displaced persons generated by the still ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine which broke out at the end of February 2022. The current dilemmas of the evolving Central-Eastern European migration system characterized by changing labour markets, border closures and temporary humanitarian protection are briefly depicted at the end

International student mobility as transnationalism

This chapter examines how the transnational framework can be applied to study abroad. It is contended that transnationalism can be used to engage with how study abroad impacts the lives and activities of mobile people as different spatialities are activated and used. Taking a sample set of international students, the ways these students can be considered to be transnational agents are discussed. It is argued that moving on from methodologically constrained approaches to student mobility, the transnational framework can offer a means of engaging more fully with mobile language learners in contemporary Europe

Elderly Migrants in Europe: An Overview of Trends, Policies and Practices

Demographic ageing and immigration have been dominant processes in sociodemographic change for at least the last half century in Europe. Both the processes impacted on the age and ethnic composition of national population and thus strongly influenced the political agenda of several European countries in different socioeconomic areas. These processes both underline wider socio-economic trends concerning changes in population as well as changes in habits of the very same increasingly diverse population. Low fertility is a good example in this respect together with the ongoing changes in patterns and residential characteristics of the immigrant population in Europe. Ageing and international migration are, in wider terms, both outcomes of economic growth and societal modernization processes which influence at various degree the population at large, while their factual interrelation is raising increasing attention of national governments as well as international organizations. These social processes bring forward several implications: (1) the number of older people who have been international migrants and have cultural differences from the host population have grown and will undoubtedly increase during the coming decades; and (2) the case for a more sympathetic and proactive response to the problems and structured disadvantages of older people migrants is becoming more compelling (Warnes et al., 2004). The pace of policies, however, does not still follow suit the social changes which are taking place on the ground mainly because of the perceived limited dimension of the ageing of immigrant population, the tendency to minimize it, but also the small experience in facing its structural dimension and thus to set up adequate policies. Elderly migrants include some of the most disadvantaged and others who are the most affluent and accomplished because of their active and innovative approaches to later life. Data about the different migrant groups is scarce in all European countries since the focus of public policies has been predominantly on young migrants as workers, refugees and asylum seekers (Warnes et al., 2004). In addition, undertaking comparative work across the immigrant and ethnic minority populations of Europe is fraught with definitional and practical difficulties concerning head-counts and structures of the immigrant or foreigner populations of European states. For instance, whereas some destination countries (such as Switzerland and Germany) meticulously recorded migratory events (age, sex ratios of the migrants at the time of entry), many other did not do so (White, 2006). Purpose of this report is to shed a preliminary light on elderly migrants and to analyze the available policy solutions and NGOs practices adopted in a sample of European countries. These policy and practices will then be compared and the resulting policy symmetries/asymmetries will be measured to the needs of the target group of elderly migrants. At last, the proposition of selected recommendations will complete the analysis. 5 Our attention will focus on ‘elderly migrants’ who have grown old in their host countries and those who are already elderly when they emigrate to rejoin their family or return to their country of origin. Elderly migrants forced to emigrate or displaced for humanitarian reasons as well as those with immigrant background (second and third generation) will also be taken into consideration (COE, 2008). Vulnerability of this elderly category of migrant people is the common dimension for investigation. The lack of information concerning this growing elderly sample calls inevitably for further empirical research. This tendency is reflected by the methodology of this article which gives notice of the available research works through an extensive literature review, collection of best practices and, where possible, contacts with key-informants

Older migrants in Europe: why we need a right-based approach

Ageing and international migration are interrelated phenomena which are currently affecting the European continent. As a consequence of these social processes, the number of older people who have been international migrants and have cultural differences from the host population have grown and will increase during the coming decades. A proactive response to the problems and structured disadvantages of older people migrants is becoming more compelling

Programmazione dei flussi in Europa: il caso dell’Austria

Dall'introduzione: "Il caso dell’Austria, membro recente dell’Unione europea, si inserisce in un contesto di deficit politico e legislativo a livello di Unione in una materia assai delicata come quella delle migrazioni. In assenza di una politica europea, la gestione dei flussi, il sistema dei controlli e, più in generale, le politiche migratorie continuano a essere di competenza dei singoli stati di cui rappresentano una delle prerogative più attentamente salvaguardate.

Migration, Identity and Memory in a Transnational Perspective

The paper discusses the course syllabus on “Migration, Identity and Memory in a Transnational Perspective”. , Changing trends and dynamics in international migra-tion with focus on Europe are briefly assessed in light of the learning needs of gradu-ate students in social sciences confronting with intercultural competences and learn-ing practices. The methodology relies mainly upon a visual ethnographic approach to different urban settings and previous research on different facets of international and European migration. A change in migration patterns, including issues of migrant transnationalism, identity and memory, is explained against the current backdrop of EU policy and legislation, ongoing inclusion processes and resulting learning needs

Between East and West: migration in the enlarging European Union

The Copenhagen Council of the European Union (EU) sealed in December 2002 the ’reunification of Europe’ by declaring the admission of ten new member states on 1 May 2004, right before the June elections of the European Parliament (CEU 2002, 8). It is a political act, with an extraordinary symbolic value, involving most of the countries belonging to the former Soviet bloc. The signature of the EU treaties in Athens in mid April 2003 finalised this long and complicated process, starting after the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 and speeding up after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The enlarged European Union will acquire a demographic, political and economic weight worthy of the only remaining superpower: the United States. Its borders will be extended eastwards entering into contact with ex-Soviet republics and also, although minimally, with Russia through Kaliningrad, the enclave on the Baltic Sea surrounded by Poland and Lithuania. These geographical changes will affect the relationships between Russia and the EU and the EU immigration and asylum policy. The candidate countries had to fully adopt the community acquis and to adjust their migratory policies, as well as the control of their borders, to the EU standards. Purpose of this contribution is to shed light on the characteristics and typology of the migratory flows from Central and Eastern Europe and to give a short analytical picture on the interaction between migratory flows and policies in the new geopolitical space of the enlarging European Union

Memoria e migrazioni

Il volume nasce dal desiderio di valorizzare con uno sguardo complessivo ed un’ottica comparativa ricerche svolte nell’arco di due decenni in Svizzera e apparse con un taglio preliminare in diversi contesti. I due assunti principali che si intrecciano nel testo comprendono il legame tra migrazioni nella sua accezione transnazionale e il tema della memoria con i relativi percorsi circolari, ellittici, di ritorno, e per loro natura non racchiudibili all’interno dei confini dello stato-nazione. I temi trattati comprendono le vecchie e nuove migrazioni italiane verso la Confederazione elvetica, le cosiddette ‘seconde generazioni’ tra cui giovani d’origine italiana presenti da tempo nel Paese e le dinamiche dell’invecchiamento e della migrazione in un’ottica nazionale ed europea. Infine, la trattazione assume connotati formativi, laddove nella parte conclusiva è messo in luce il legame tra la ricerca su migrazioni, identità e memorie e la sua condivisione attraverso le pratiche educative