Assessing the Economic Impacts of Climate Change Using a CGE Model with Decentralized Market Instruments

Представленное исследование призвано количественно измерить последствия следования целевым ориентирам соглашений после 2012 г. для экономики Израиля. Применена модель вычисляемого общего равновесия (CGE) израильской экономики, называемая IGEM. В данной статье авторы расширяют ранее разработанную модель IGEM для нахождения потенциала двойной выгоды (выгоды, полученной от рабочей силы) для случаев повышения доходов от сборов за выбросы CO2 за счет снижения существующих ставок оплаты труда. Дана оценка эффективности децентрализованных экономических стимулов сокращения выбросов CO2, таких как налоги на выброс углерода и распределяемые через механизм аукционов разрешения на выбросы, в контексте их влияния на уровень безработицы и экономическое благосостояние. Анализ показал, что двойная выгода может стать достижимой целью для экономик, подобных израильской. Используемый в статье подход, связанный с применением моделей вычисляемого общего равновесия, должен способствовать конструктивному обсуждению политики в области в окружающей среды в Израиле.This study aimed to quantify the economy-wide consequences for Israel of meeting the potential targets of the post-2012 agreement, employing a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of the Israeli economy, called IGEM. The study enhances the previously developed IGEM model to find the potential for a double or an employment dividend if the revenues raised from a CO2 emissionrelated environmental policy are recycled through lowering existing labour taxes. The efficacy of decentralized economic incentives for CO2 emission reduction, such as carbon emission taxes and auctioned emission permits, was assessed in terms of their impact on unemployment and economic welfare. The analysis indicates that a double dividend may be an achievable goal under a CO2 emission reduction policy in the case of economies such as Israel. The CGE approach applied in this research should contribute to a better informed debate on environmental policy in Israel

Assessing the Economic Impacts of Climate Change Using a CGE Model with Decentralized Market Instruments

Представленное исследование призвано количественно измерить последствия следования целевым ориентирам соглашений после 2012 г. для экономики Израиля. Применена модель вычисляемого общего равновесия (CGE) израильской экономики, называемая IGEM. В данной статье авторы расширяют ранее разработанную модель IGEM для нахождения потенциала двойной выгоды (выгоды, полученной от рабочей силы) для случаев повышения доходов от сборов за выбросы CO2 за счет снижения существующих ставок оплаты труда. Дана оценка эффективности децентрализованных экономических стимулов сокращения выбросов CO2, таких как налоги на выброс углерода и распределяемые через механизм аукционов разрешения на выбросы, в контексте их влияния на уровень безработицы и экономическое благосостояние. Анализ показал, что двойная выгода может стать достижимой целью для экономик, подобных израильской. Используемый в статье подход, связанный с применением моделей вычисляемого общего равновесия, должен способствовать конструктивному обсуждению политики в области в окружающей среды в Израиле.This study aimed to quantify the economy-wide consequences for Israel of meeting the potential targets of the post-2012 agreement, employing a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of the Israeli economy, called IGEM. The study enhances the previously developed IGEM model to find the potential for a double or an employment dividend if the revenues raised from a CO2 emissionrelated environmental policy are recycled through lowering existing labour taxes. The efficacy of decentralized economic incentives for CO2 emission reduction, such as carbon emission taxes and auctioned emission permits, was assessed in terms of their impact on unemployment and economic welfare. The analysis indicates that a double dividend may be an achievable goal under a CO2 emission reduction policy in the case of economies such as Israel. The CGE approach applied in this research should contribute to a better informed debate on environmental policy in Israel

Effects of season, depth and pre-cultivation fertilizing on Ulva growth dynamics offshore the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Abstract Offshore macroalgae production could provide an alternative source of biomass for food, materials and energy. However, the offshore environment in general, specifically the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS) offshore, is a high energy and low nutrients environment, thus challenging for macroalgae farming. In this study, we experimentally investigated the impact of season, depth, and pre-cultivation fertilization duration on the growth rates and chemical composition of offshore Ulva biomass, and developed a predictive model tailored to offshore conditions, capable of estimating both biomass growth rate and nitrogen content. Specifically, we measured Ulva biomass growth rate and internal nitrogen in the nitrogen-poor EMS a few kilometers offshore the Israeli coast at various depths and on-shore pre-cultivation fertilization schedules. Based on these data, we constructed a predictive cultivation model of Ulva offshore growth, which allows for the optimization of fertilization requirements for offshore cultivation. This study provides new insights on the effects of seasonality, depth, and pre-cultivation fertilization duration on growth rates and chemical composition of offshore Ulva sp. biomass production

Land transformation analysis and application

This study presents an internal modification of a dynamic computable general equilibrium model, ICES, employing inputs from a partial equilibrium model for agricultural sector, VALUE. The aim is to quantify and analyze the medium-term socio-economic consequences of projected climate change. The methodology is innovative as it combines state-of-the-art knowledge from economic and biophysical sources. Initially, to this end, the VALUE model is applied to two Mediterrenean countries: Israel and Italy. The information from VALUE model was incorporated in the economic model ICES to improve the agricultural production structure. The new land allocation method takes into account the variation of substitutability between different types of land use. It captures agronomic features included in the VALUE model. This modification gives a better representation of heterogeneous information of land productivity to the economic framework. Climate impacts and policy evaluation with ICES become reinforced due to the more refined system of land allocation. The originality of this exercise is our ability to base the analysis on empirically estimated parameters, which in other similar studies are mainly assumed or guessed. Notably, we suggest diverse land Constant Elasticity of Transformation (CET) frontiers to two main ecological regions in the Mediterranean basin, for more accurate representation of agronomic characteristics. With the modified ICES model we present an evaluation of climate change impact on agricultural production in the Mediterranean

Land transformation analysis and application

This study presents an internal modification of a dynamic computable general equilibrium model, ICES, employing inputs from a partial equilibrium model for agricultural sector, VALUE. The aim is to quantify and analyze the medium-term socio-economic consequences of projected climate change. The methodology is innovative as it combines state-of-the-art knowledge from economic and biophysical sources. Initially, to this end, the VALUE model is applied to two Mediterrenean countries: Israel and Italy. The information from VALUE model was incorporated in the economic model ICES to improve the agricultural production structure. The new land allocation method takes into account the variation of substitutability between different types of land use. It captures agronomic features included in the VALUE model. This modification gives a better representation of heterogeneous information of land productivity to the economic framework. Climate impacts and policy evaluation with ICES become reinforced due to the more refined system of land allocation. The originality of this exercise is our ability to base the analysis on empirically estimated parameters, which in other similar studies are mainly assumed or guessed. Notably, we suggest diverse land Constant Elasticity of Transformation (CET) frontiers to two main ecological regions in the Mediterranean basin, for more accurate representation of agronomic characteristics. With the modified ICES model we present an evaluation of climate change impact on agricultural production in the Mediterranean