Characteristic temperatures of exchange biased systems

Characteristic temperatures in ferromagnetic - antiferromagnetic exchange biased systems are analyzed. In addition to usual blocking temperature of exchange bias $T_{B}$, and the N\'{e}el temperature of an antiferromagnet $T_{N}$, the inducing temperature $T_{ind}$, i.e., the temperature, at which the direction of exchange anisotropy is established, has been recently proposed. We demonstrate that this temperature is in general case different from $T_{B}$ and $T_{N}$. Physics and experimental approaches to measure the inducing temperature are discussed. Measurements of $T_{ind}$, in addition to $T_{B}$, and $T_{N}$, provide important information about exchange interactions in ferromagnetic - antiferromagnetic heterostructures

Optimalisasi Umur Guna Kendaraan Angkutan Umum

Pengoperasian angkutan umum di kotamadya Banjarmasin ke kota – kota lain dipusatkan pada Terminal Induk km. 6Banjarmasin, dimana terlihat secara visual kendaraan angkutan yang terbilang tua masih bisa beroperasi dan tidak terlihat adanya mobil baru yang beroperasi . Dalam menentukan kebijakan suatu operasi angkutan ada dua hal yang harus dipandang :Pertimbangan pelayanan ( mutu )Pertimbangan tarif ( biaya ) Berdasarkan pertimbangan mutu, kendaraan yang tergolong tua tidak mungkin dapat ditingkatkan lagi, karena besarnya peningkatan Biaya Operasi Kendaraan ( B. O. K), semakin tua umur kendaraan akan semakin tinggi biaya operasi dan pemeliharaan, berapa umur kendaraan angkutan yang masih layak (feasible) untuk melakukan operasi angkutan. Melalui teori dari RTIM II dapat diketahui feasibilitas umur kendaraan. Penelaahan dari berbagai umur kendaraan yang berbeda-beda dan dihubungkan dengan Biaya operasi kendaraan setelah umur tahun ke 13 terjadi peningkatan yang tinggi membebani biaya operasi kendaraan angkutan

Penanaman Nilai-nilai Moral pada Siswa di SD Negeri Lampeuneurut

Dalam konteks persoalan nilai-nilai moral, yang dapat dilakukan oleh guru adalah penanaman nilai-nilai moral. Penelitian ini berupaya mengungkapkan penanaman nilai-nilai moral pada siswa di SD Negeri Lampeuneurut. Secara khusus penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penanaman nilai-nilai moral pada siswa di SD Negeri Lampeuneurut. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan jenis penelitiannya yaitu deskriptif. Penggumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara dan teknik observasi. Teknik wawancara adalah dengan cara mewawancarai 10 orang guru kelas. Agar data hasil wawancara dapat terpecaya, peneliti menggunakan alat bantu perekaman berupa alat tulis dan media elektronik seperti HP. Selain itu di dukung dengan teknik observasi (pengamatan) yang diterapkan adalah teknik pengamatan tidak berpartisipasi (non-participant observation). Dalam melakukan observasi (pengamatan), peneliti bertindak sebagai pengamat penuh tanpa terlibat dalam penanaman nilai-nilai moral pada siswa. Selanjutnya seluruh data diolah dengan tahapan analisis data kualitatif yaitu reduksi data, model data (data display), penarikan/verifikasi kesimpulan dan persentase. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, temuan peneliti ini dapat dikemukakan sebagai berikut. Pertama, guru menanamkan nilai-nilai moral kepada siswa dengan cara menyisipkan 10 nilai moral yaitu nilai religius, nilai sosialitas, nilai gender, nilai keadilan, nilai demokrasi, nilai kejujuran, nilai kemandirian, nilai daya juang, nilai tanggungjawab, dan nilai penghargaan terhadap lingkungan ke semua mata pelajaran yang diajarkan. Kedua, siswa kebanyakan tidak berbohong kepada guru karena menanamkan nilai kejujuran. Ketiga, hubungan siswa dengan teman-temannya pun baik, keempat, untuk memperdalam ilmu agama siswa selain agama disekolah juga belajar di tempat pengajian dan TPA.Simpulkan penelitian ini adalah penanaman nilai-nilai moral pada siswa di SD Negeri Lampeuneurut adalah sebahagian besar sudah baik karena guru sudah menanamkan nilai-nilai moral kepada siswa walaupun ada beberapa guru yang belum sepenuhnya mengetahui nilai-nilai yang harus ditanamkan. Kemudian menanamkan nilai-nilai moral kesemua mata pelajaran, memberi nasehat setiap hari, guru menjadi panutan siswa, melalui lingkungan sekolah dan kerjasama dengan orang tua. Disamping itu siswa di SD Negeri Lampeuneurut mempunyai tingkah laku yang baik karena sudah mengetahui beberapa nilai-nilai moral dan memudahkan guru untuk melanjutkannya

Linear-nonlinear stiffness responses of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials and structures: a numerical study

The stiffness response or load-deformation/displacement behavior is the most important mechanical behavior that frequently being utilized for validation of the mathematical-physical models representing the mechanical behavior of solid objects in numerical method, compared to actual experimental data. This numerical study aims to investigate the linear-nonlinear stiffness behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites at material and structural levels, and its dependency to the sets of individual/group elastic and damage model parameters. In this regard, a validated constitutive damage model, elastic-damage properties as reference data, and simulation process, that account for elastic, yielding, and damage evolution, are considered in the finite element model development process. The linear-nonlinear stiffness responses of four cases are examined, including a unidirectional CFRP composite laminate (material level) under tensile load, and also three multidirectional composite structures under flexural loads. The result indicated a direct dependency of the stiffness response at the material level to the elastic properties. However, the stiffness behavior of the composite structures depends both on the structural configuration, geometry, lay-ups as well as the mechanical properties of the CFRP composite. The value of maximum reaction force and displacement of the composite structures, as well as the nonlinear response of the structures are highly dependent not only to the mechanical properties, but also to the geometry and the configuration of the structures

The nonlinear anisotropic model of the Universe with tadpole

Some subclasses of Horndeski theory allow for non-standard behavior of anisotropy in the homogeneous Bianchi I cosmology. For example, the anisotropy are damped near the initial singularity instead of tending to infinity. In this article, we analyze nonlinear anisotropic models with a tadpole term. We have considered an example of such a theory for which the anisotropy is maximal and finite at the initial moment of time and approaches zero at later times. The anisotropy suppression occurs during the inflationary stage. This cosmological model does not contain a singular point

Privacy Risk of Personal Information Exposure

Customers’ individual private information are collected to gain valuable information. Through business analytics companies gain competitive advantage in making decisions. However, some irresponsible companies sell customer’s data to third party for illegal activities. This caused distrust and lack of confidence among consumers in revealing their private information. Due to customer reluctant in disclosing their information, this may hinder the growth of e-commerce. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate consumer sensitivity towards data privacy. This research adopted a research framework based on ‘Concern for Information Privacy’ (CFIP) dimensions to further conducted the study. This study has tested relationship using five independent variables. A total number 384 data were collected from respondents using questionnaire. Regression was employed to analyse the relationship between identified variables. Result found that collection, unauthorized secondary internal use, unauthorized secondary external use, improper access and errors have a positive influence on consumer sensitivity towards data privacy. Furthermore, the effects of unauthorized secondary internal use on consumer sensitivity towards data privacy is found to be significantly greater

Optimal Dark Hole Generation via Two Deformable Mirrors with Stroke Minimization

The past decade has seen a significant growth in research targeted at space based observatories for imaging exo-solar planets. The challenge is in designing an imaging system for high-contrast. Even with a perfect coronagraph that modifies the point spread function to achieve high-contrast, wavefront sensing and control is needed to correct the errors in the optics and generate a "dark hole". The high-contrast imaging laboratory at Princeton University is equipped with two Boston Micromachines Kilo-DMs. We review here an algorithm designed to achieve high-contrast on both sides of the image plane while minimizing the stroke necessary from each deformable mirror (DM). This algorithm uses the first DM to correct for amplitude aberrations and the second DM to create a flat wavefront in the pupil plane. We then show the first results obtained at Princeton with this correction algorithm, and we demonstrate a symmetric dark hole in monochromatic light