912 research outputs found
Properties of low-lying states in a diffusive quantum dot and Fock-space localization
Motivated by an experiment by Sivan et al. (Europhys. Lett. 25, 605 (1994))
and by subsequent theoretical work on localization in Fock space, we study
numerically a hierarchical model for a finite many-body system of Fermions
moving in a disordered potential and coupled by a two-body interaction. We
focus attention on the low-lying states close to the Fermi energy. Both the
spreading width and the participation number depend smoothly on excitation
energy. This behavior is in keeping with naive expectations and does not
display Anderson localization. We show that the model reproduces essential
features of the experiment by Sivan et al.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Let
Signatures of Inelastic Scattering in Coulomb-Blockade Quantum Dots
We calculate the finite-temperature conductance peak-height distributions in
Coublomb-blockade quantum dots in the limit where the inelastic scattering rate
in the dot is large compared with the mean elastic tunneling rate. The relative
reduction of the standard deviation of the peak-height distribution by a
time-reversal symmetry-breaking magnetic field, which is essentially
temperature-independent in the elastic limit, is enhanced by the inclusion of
inelastic scattering at finite temperature. We suggest this quantity as an
independent experimental probe for inelastic scattering in closed dots.Comment: 4 pages, 3 eps figures, revtex
Linear conductance in Coulomb-blockade quantum dots in the presence of interactions and spin
We discuss the calculation of the linear conductance through a
Coulomb-blockade quantum dot in the presence of interactions beyond the
charging energy. In the limit where the temperature is large compared with a
typical tunneling width, we use a rate-equations approach to describe the
transitions between the corresponding many-body states. We discuss both the
elastic and rapid-thermalization limits, where the rate of inelastic scattering
in the dot is either small or large compared with the elastic transition rate,
respectively. In the elastic limit, we find several cases where a closed
solution for the conductance is possible, including the case of a constant
exchange interaction. In the rapid-thermalization limit, a closed solution is
possible in the general case. We show that the corresponding expressions for
the linear conductance simplify for a Hamiltonian that is invariant under spin
rotations.Comment: 11 pages, no figures, revtex
Heterogeneous microstructures tuned in a high throughput architecture
A new method applied to the sensor proposed by Zhang et al. in 2018 is demonstrated in this paper that combines the benefits of this design with the fast heating possible with nanocalorimetry. By applying a PID regulated pulse instead of a constant wattage, we unlock an accessible method to sense morphological changes occurring over short time periods that would be invisible to methods based only on heat capacity. In this study, multilayer Ni/Al thin films were linearly heated at 25, 50, 100, and 200 K/s to over 700°C, showing two distinct peaks in resistance change with activation energies of 554 and 747 kJ/mol, respectively. Through Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) analysis on cross sections taken ex situ from samples quenched before and after the peaks of interest, we find strong evidence that peak 1 corresponds to Ni diffusing through Al grain boundaries forming intermetallic phases that essentially block the highly conductive Al pathway. This presents the potential to design and calibrate novel heterogeneous structures in a high throughput manner
Evaluation of single and double-locus real-time PCR assays for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) surveillance
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Methicillin-resistant <it>Staphylococcus aureus </it>(MRSA) is a human pathogen, representing an infection control challenge. Conventional MRSA screening takes up to three days, therefore development of rapid detection is essential. Real time-PCR (rt-PCR) is the fastest method fulfilling this task. All currently published or commercially available rt-PCR MRSA assays relay on single or double-locus detection. Double-locus assays are based on simultaneous detection of <it>mecA </it>gene and a <it>S. aureus</it>-specific gene. Such assays cannot be applied on clinical samples, which often contain both coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and <it>S. aureus</it>, either of which can carry <it>mecA</it>. Single-locus assays are based on detection of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome <it>mec </it>(SCC<it>mec</it>) element and the <it>S. aureus</it>-specific <it>orfX </it>gene, assuming that it is equivalent to <it>mecA </it>detection.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Parallel evaluation of several published single and double-locus rt-PCR MRSA assays of 150 pure culture strains, followed by analysis of 460 swab-derived clinical samples which included standard identification, susceptibility testing, followed by PCR detection of staphylococcal suspected isolates and in-PCR mixed bacterial populations analysis indicated the following findings.</p> <p>Pure cultures analysis indicated that one of the single-locus assay had very high prevalence of false positives (Positive predictive value = 77.8%) and was excluded from further analysis. Analysis of 460 swab-derived samples indicated that the second single-locus assay misidentified 16 out of 219 MRSA's and 13 out of 90 methicillin-sensitive <it>S</it>. <it>aureus</it>'s (MSSA) were misidentified as MRSA's. The double-locus detection assay misidentified 55 out of 90 MSSA's. 46 MSSA containing samples were misidentified as MRSA and 9 as other than <it>S. aureus </it>ending with low positive predicted value (<85%) and very low specificity (<62%).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results indicate that high prevalence of false-positive and false-negative reactions occurs in such assays.</p
Critical exponents of directed percolation measured in spatiotemporal intermittency
A new experimental system showing a transition to spatiotemporal
intermittency is presented. It consists of a ring of hundred oscillating
ferrofluidic spikes. Four of five of the measured critical exponents of the
system agree with those obtained from a theoretical model of directed
percolation.Comment: 7 pages, 12 figures, submitted to PR
Spin and e-e interactions in quantum dots: Leading order corrections to universality and temperature effects
We study the statistics of the spacing between Coulomb blockade conductance
peaks in quantum dots with large dimensionless conductance g. Our starting
point is the ``universal Hamiltonian''--valid in the g->oo limit--which
includes the charging energy, the single-electron energies (described by random
matrix theory), and the average exchange interaction. We then calculate the
magnitude of the most relevant finite g corrections, namely, the effect of
surface charge, the ``gate'' effect, and the fluctuation of the residual e-e
interaction. The resulting zero-temperature peak spacing distribution has
corrections of order Delta/sqrt(g). For typical values of the e-e interaction
(r_s ~ 1) and simple geometries, theory does indeed predict an asymmetric
distribution with a significant even/odd effect. The width of the distribution
is of order 0.3 Delta, and its dominant feature is a large peak for the odd
case, reminiscent of the delta-function in the g->oo limit. We consider finite
temperature effects next. Only after their inclusion is good agreement with the
experimental results obtained. Even relatively low temperature causes large
modifications in the peak spacing distribution: (a) its peak is dominated by
the even distribution at kT ~ 0.3 Delta (at lower T a double peak appears); (b)
it becomes more symmetric; (c) the even/odd effect is considerably weaker; (d)
the delta-function is completely washed-out; and (e) fluctuation of the
coupling to the leads becomes relevant. Experiments aimed at observing the T=0
peak spacing distribution should therefore be done at kT<0.1 Delta for typical
values of the e-e interaction.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure
Vibrational Properties of Nanoscale Materials: From Nanoparticles to Nanocrystalline Materials
The vibrational density of states (VDOS) of nanoclusters and nanocrystalline
materials are derived from molecular-dynamics simulations using empirical
tight-binding potentials. The results show that the VDOS inside nanoclusters
can be understood as that of the corresponding bulk system compressed by the
capillary pressure. At the surface of the nanoparticles the VDOS exhibits a
strong enhancement at low energies and shows structures similar to that found
near flat crystalline surfaces. For the nanocrystalline materials an increased
VDOS is found at high and low phonon energies, in agreement with experimental
findings. The individual VDOS contributions from the grain centers, grain
boundaries, and internal surfaces show that, in the nanocrystalline materials,
the VDOS enhancements are mainly caused by the grain-boundary contributions and
that surface atoms play only a minor role. Although capillary pressures are
also present inside the grains of nanocrystalline materials, their effect on
the VDOS is different than in the cluster case which is probably due to the
inter-grain coupling of the modes via the grain-boundaries.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
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